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PERMAINAN DALAM TALIAN SEBAGAI RUANG BAHARU RADIKALISASI: IMPLIKASI TERHADAP KESELAMATAN NEGARA

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PENDAHULUAN

Permainan dalam talian kini menjadi sebahagian daripada kehidupan seharian masyarakat moden. Selain berfungsi sebagai medium hiburan, ia turut menjadi platform untuk berinteraksi, membina komuniti dan menjana pendapatan kepada jutaan pengguna di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Malaysia. Perkembangan ini membawa pelbagai manfaat, namun pada masa yang sama turut mewujudkan cabaran baharu terhadap aspek keselamatan negara. Sifat permainan dalam talian yang terbuka, interaktif dan mudah diakses membolehkan ia dieksploitasi oleh pihak tertentu untuk menyebarkan propaganda, mempengaruhi pemikiran pengguna serta menjalankan aktiviti radikalisasi secara tersembunyi.

Berbeza dengan platform media sosial konvensional, permainan dalam talian menyediakan ruang komunikasi yang lebih santai dan kurang mendapat perhatian daripada ibu bapa, pendidik mahupun pihak berkuasa. Ciri seperti chat room, komunikasi suara, pembentukan kumpulan pemain dan komuniti maya membolehkan hubungan dibina secara berterusan tanpa mengira lokasi geografi. Persekitaran ini boleh dimanfaatkan oleh individu atau kumpulan ekstremis untuk mendekati pengguna secara beransur-ansur, membina kepercayaan dan seterusnya memperkenalkan naratif yang bersifat radikal tanpa disedari. 

Tempoh masa yang panjang dihabiskan dalam dunia permainan yang bersifat interaktif dan immersive juga boleh meningkatkan pendedahan pengguna kepada pengaruh luar. Walaupun majoriti pemain menggunakan platform ini semata-mata untuk tujuan hiburan, sebahagian daripada mereka, khususnya golongan belia dan remaja, lebih mudah dipengaruhi kerana masih berada dalam proses membentuk identiti, nilai dan pandangan hidup. Keadaan ini menjadikan mereka lebih terdedah kepada manipulasi psikologi, terutamanya apabila propaganda disampaikan melalui individu yang telah berjaya membina hubungan dan kepercayaan dalam komuniti permainan.

Dalam konteks keselamatan negara, ancaman yang perlu diberi perhatian bukanlah permainan dalam talian itu sendiri, tetapi penyalahgunaan ekosistem permainan digital oleh pihak yang mempunyai agenda ekstremis. Sehubungan itu, pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai corak radikalisasi dalam komuniti permainan maya amat penting bagi membantu agensi keselamatan mengenal pasti trend ancaman yang sedang berkembang. Pada masa yang sama, usaha memperkukuh dasar, meningkatkan literasi digital, memperluaskan program Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE) serta mempererat kerjasama antara agensi kerajaan, institusi pendidikan, ibu bapa dan syarikat teknologi perlu diperkasakan bagi memastikan ruang digital kekal selamat daripada eksploitasi oleh aktor ekstremis. 

GAMBARAN UMUM PERMAINAN DALAM TALIAN

Permainan dalam talian merupakan antara bentuk hiburan digital yang paling popular pada masa kini dan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian berjuta-juta pengguna di seluruh dunia, khususnya dalam kalangan kanak-kanak, remaja dan belia. Perkembangan teknologi internet serta peranti digital telah menjadikan permainan dalam talian lebih mudah diakses melalui komputer, telefon pintar dan konsol permainan. Berbeza dengan permainan tradisional, permainan dalam talian membolehkan pengguna berinteraksi secara masa nyata dengan pemain lain dari pelbagai negara, sekali gus mewujudkan pengalaman yang lebih interaktif dan menarik. Selain berfungsi sebagai medium hiburan, permainan dalam talian turut menjadi platform sosial yang membolehkan pemain berkomunikasi, berkongsi pengalaman, membentuk komuniti dan menjalinkan persahabatan merentasi sempadan geografi. Banyak permainan juga menggalakkan kerjasama berpasukan, pemikiran strategik, penyelesaian masalah dan kemahiran membuat keputusan. Atas sebab itu, permainan dalam talian kini bukan lagi sekadar aktiviti rekreasi, malah telah berkembang menjadi satu ekosistem digital yang mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap cara generasi muda berinteraksi dan membina hubungan sosial.

Walau bagaimanapun, ciri-ciri yang menjadikan permainan dalam talian menarik kepada pengguna turut membuka ruang kepada penyalahgunaan oleh pihak yang mempunyai agenda tertentu. Dalam konteks keselamatan negara, kebimbangan utama bukanlah terhadap permainan itu sendiri, tetapi terhadap ekosistem permainan yang merangkumi ruang sembang, komunikasi suara, forum komuniti, penstriman langsung dan platform lain yang berkaitan. Ruang-ruang ini berpotensi dieksploitasi oleh individu atau kumpulan ekstremis untuk membina hubungan, menyebarkan propaganda serta mempengaruhi pengguna yang mudah terdedah kepada naratif radikal. Proses radikalisasi dalam ekosistem permainan lazimnya tidak berlaku secara terbuka atau serta-merta. Sebaliknya, ia berkembang secara beransur-ansur melalui interaksi sosial yang kelihatan biasa dalam komuniti pemain. Hubungan yang terjalin ketika bermain boleh digunakan untuk membina kepercayaan sebelum perbualan beralih kepada isu identiti, politik, agama atau konflik semasa.

Pendekatan ini menjadikan proses penyebaran ideologi ekstrem lebih sukar dikesan kerana ia berlaku dalam suasana yang tidak formal dan sering dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada komunikasi biasa antara pemain. Sehubungan itu, pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai corak interaksi dan mekanisme radikalisasi dalam ekosistem permainan digital amat penting bagi membantu pihak berkuasa menilai tahap risiko yang wujud serta merangka langkah pencegahan yang lebih berkesan. 

MEKANISME RADIKALISASI DALAM RUANG ONLINE GAMING

Radikalisasi dalam ekosistem permainan dalam talian lazimnya berlaku secara berperingkat dan bukannya secara serta-merta. Melalui ciri seperti komunikasi suara, pembentukan guild atau clan, serta platform pihak ketiga seperti Discord, pemain berpeluang membina hubungan sosial dengan individu dari pelbagai latar belakang tanpa batasan geografi. Dalam keadaan tertentu, ruang komunikasi ini boleh dieksploitasi oleh individu atau kumpulan ekstremis untuk membina kepercayaan sebelum memperkenalkan naratif radikal secara beransur-ansur. Berbeza dengan media sosial yang lebih terbuka, proses ini sering berlaku dalam komuniti tertutup dan tidak formal, sekali gus menyukarkan pengesanan oleh ibu bapa, pendidik dan pihak berkuasa.

Di samping itu, pengalaman permainan yang interaktif, sistem ganjaran, semangat berpasukan dan rasa kekitaan yang terbentuk dalam komuniti pemain boleh dimanipulasi untuk mengukuhkan pengaruh terhadap individu yang mudah terdedah, khususnya golongan remaja yang masih mencari identiti dan penerimaan sosial. Penggunaan identiti samaran dan komunikasi melalui platform yang lebih tertutup turut meningkatkan tahap anonimiti, sekali gus menyukarkan pemantauan terhadap aktiviti yang berpotensi membawa kepada radikalisasi. Justeru, ancaman sebenar bukan berpunca daripada permainan dalam talian itu sendiri, tetapi daripada penyalahgunaan ekosistem permainan digital sebagai medium penyebaran propaganda, pembinaan rangkaian dan perekrutan oleh aktor ekstremis.

Kumpulan ekstremis tidak menggunakan permainan sebagai alat untuk mengajar keganasan secara langsung. Sebaliknya, mereka mengeksploitasi ciri-ciri sosial yang terdapat dalam platform tersebut untuk membina kepercayaan, mengenal pasti individu yang berpotensi dan memperkenalkan naratif ekstrem secara berperingkat. Proses ini lazimnya bermula dengan perbualan santai mengenai permainan sebelum beralih kepada isu identiti, ketidakpuasan hati terhadap kerajaan, konflik agama atau politik dan akhirnya kepada penyebaran ideologi ekstrem. 

Proses ini turut melibatkan penggunaan bahasa dan simbol yang mampu mengukuhkan identiti kumpulan, melanggar batas-batas norma sosial dan moral yang sedia ada. Sentimen ketidakpuasan, kebencian dan perjuangan yang dipupuk dalam ruang permainan memberi peluang kepada agen-agen radikalis untuk mengembangkan dan mengekalkan pengaruh mereka, sekaligus memperlihatkan bagaimana mekanisme tersebut mampu menjana proses radikalisasi secara berterusan dan sistematik. Oleh itu, pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap mekanisme ini penting bagi membentuk strategi menangani ancaman radikalisasi yang berpunca dari ruang permainan dalam talian. 

Platform komunikasi yang berkait rapat dengan komuniti permainan seperti Discord, Steam Chat, Telegram dan aplikasi komunikasi suara turut digunakan bagi memindahkan perbualan daripada ruang permainan kepada saluran yang lebih tertutup. Pendekatan ini menyukarkan pengesanan oleh pihak berkuasa kerana proses radikalisasi berlaku secara perlahan dan melalui hubungan sosial yang kelihatan normal. 

EKSPLOITASI EKOSISTEM PERMAINAN DALAM TALIAN

Berbeza dengan tanggapan bahawa permainan video itu sendiri mendorong seseorang menjadi ekstremis, penyelidikan antarabangsa menunjukkan bahawa kumpulan pengganas dan pelaku ekstremisme lebih cenderung mengeksploitasi ekosistem permainan (gaming ecosystem) berbanding kandungan permainan itu sendiri. Ekosistem ini merangkumi platform permainan, aplikasi komunikasi suara, forum komuniti, live streaming, private servers serta media sosial yang berkait rapat dengan komuniti pemain. 

Insiden yang berlaku di Johor pada Oktober 2025 telah menggemparkan dunia digital Malaysia apabila seorang kanak-kanak lelaki berusia sembilan tahun disyaki mengelar dan menikam adiknya sehingga cedera parah. Dalam kenyataan media, pihak Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) tidak menolak kemungkinan permainan dalam talian seperti Roblox mempunyai pengaruh terhadap tingkah laku kanak-kanak tersebut. Justeru, kes ini membuka ruang kepada perbincangan yang lebih luas mengenai bagaimana ekosistem digital mampu mempengaruhi tingkah laku pengguna serta potensi penyalahgunaannya oleh pihak yang mempunyai agenda tertentu. Kes ini bukanlah contoh radikalisasi atau keganasan bermotif ideologi. Namun demikian, insiden tersebut menunjukkan bahawa dunia maya boleh memberi pengaruh terhadap pemikiran, emosi dan tingkah laku pengguna, khususnya golongan muda yang masih berada dalam fasa perkembangan psikologi dan sosial. 

Kajian oleh Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) mendapati bahawa kumpulan ekstremis berhaluan kanan (far-right extremists) menggunakan platform seperti Steam, Discord, Twitch dan DLive bukan untuk mempromosikan permainan tertentu, tetapi sebagai ruang sosial bagi membina hubungan, berkongsi propaganda dan menghubungkan ahli kepada platform ekstremis yang lebih tertutup. Dalam banyak situasi, proses radikalisasi bermula melalui interaksi harian ketika bermain permainan video sebelum berkembang kepada perbincangan mengenai identiti, politik, kebencian terhadap kumpulan tertentu dan akhirnya ideologi ekstrem. Penyelidik turut mendapati bahawa pemain muda lebih mudah didekati kerana mereka telah mempunyai hubungan sosial yang terjalin melalui komuniti permainan. Faktor kepercayaan ini menjadikan proses perekrutan lebih berkesan berbanding pendekatan propaganda secara terbuka di media sosial. 

Laporan Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) menunjukkan bahawa platform seperti Roblox dan Minecraft, yang mempunyai jutaan pengguna muda di seluruh dunia, turut menjadi sasaran pihak ekstremis. Mereka menggunakan avatar, kumpulan (groups), permainan yang dibina sendiri (user-generated games), pakaian maya (virtual clothing), simbol dan kod tertentu untuk memperkenalkan unsur propaganda secara halus. Dalam beberapa kes, pemain kemudiannya dipelawa menyertai pelayan Discord atau saluran komunikasi tertutup bagi meneruskan interaksi. Perkara ini menunjukkan bahawa risiko sebenar bukan terletak pada permainan tersebut, tetapi pada ciri komunikasi dan pembentukan komuniti yang membolehkan individu berinteraksi tanpa sempadan serta sukar dipantau.

Walaupun kumpulan seperti Daesh sebelum ini lebih dikenali menggunakan Telegram, X dan aplikasi komunikasi lain, laporan United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) menjelaskan bahawa landskap digital telah berubah. Kumpulan ekstremis kini semakin memanfaatkan ruang permainan dan platform berkaitan untuk membina rangkaian sosial, menyebarkan propaganda, mengumpul dana serta mengenal pasti individu yang berpotensi direkrut. Penggunaan permainan dalam talian bukan bertujuan menggantikan media sosial, tetapi melengkapkan ekosistem propaganda digital sedia ada.

IMPLIKASI TERHADAP ANGKATAN TENTERA MALAYSIA DAN PELAN MITIGASI

Perkembangan ekosistem permainan dalam talian bukan sahaja memberi implikasi kepada keselamatan awam, malah turut berpotensi memberi kesan kepada Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM) secara khusus. Sebagai sebuah organisasi yang semakin mengadaptasi teknologi digital dalam operasi dan kehidupan seharian, warga ATM tidak terkecuali daripada pendedahan kepada platform permainan dalam talian serta komuniti digital yang merentasi sempadan negara. Walaupun majoriti anggota menggunakan platform ini untuk tujuan hiburan dan interaksi sosial, kewujudan ruang komunikasi yang kurang dipantau berpotensi dieksploitasi oleh aktor ekstremis bagi menyebarkan propaganda, membina hubungan serta mempengaruhi individu yang mudah terdedah kepada proses radikalisasi. Sekiranya tidak ditangani, situasi ini boleh menjejaskan tahap kesiapsiagaan, disiplin, integriti dan keselamatan organisasi, selain meningkatkan risiko ancaman orang dalam (insider threat) terhadap ATM.

Bagi mengurangkan risiko tersebut, ATM perlu memperkukuh pendekatan pencegahan melalui pelaksanaan program PCVE yang memberi penekanan kepada literasi digital, kesedaran mengenai taktik perekrutan dalam talian dan pengukuhan daya tahan anggota terhadap propaganda ekstremis. Pada masa yang sama, usaha pemantauan perlu diperluaskan bagi mengenal pasti trend ancaman dalam ekosistem permainan digital tanpa menjejaskan privasi atau hak individu. Kerjasama strategik antara Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation (MDIO), Pemerintahan Siber Elektromagnetik Pertahanan (PSEP), Bahagian Kerohanian Islam ATM (BKI) serta agensi keselamatan berkaitan juga perlu diperkukuhkan bagi memastikan perkongsian maklumat, pengesanan awal dan intervensi dapat dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh. Pendekatan ini akan membantu meningkatkan ketahanan warga ATM terhadap pengaruh ekstremisme digital, sekali gus memperkukuh kesiapsiagaan organisasi dalam menghadapi ancaman keselamatan yang semakin kompleks. 

IMPLIKASI KESELAMATAN NEGARA

Kesemua aspek yang berkaitan dengan permainan dalam talian membawa implikasi serius terhadap keselamatan negara, terutamanya berkait rapat dengan potensi penyebaran ideologi radikal secara meluas dan pantas. Melalui platform digital ini, bendera fahaman ekstremis dapat berinteraksi secara sulit dan tersembunyi, mengaburkan identiti sebenar pelaku serta memudahkan penyampaian mesej berunsur ekstremisme kepada masyarakat yang mudah dipengaruhi khususnya golongan muda dan remaja. Penyebaran kandungan berunsur radikalisasi melalui permainan dalam talian bukan sahaja memecahbelahkan keharmonian masyarakat tetapi juga berpotensi menjadi punca kepada kegiatan ganas dan keganasan yang lebih terancang di dunia sebenar.

Tambahan pula, ketidaksempurnaan mekanisme pengawalan dan pengawasan terhadap kandungan digital memungkinkan unsur ekstremis menyusup masuk ke dalam ruang permainan tanpa disedari lantas menjadikan mereka lebih berani dan agresif dalam menyebarkan ideologi keganasan. Di peringkat nasional, masalah ini menimbulkan cabaran pengukuhan keselamatan siber dan perlindungan rakyat daripada pengaruh berbahaya tersebut. Sekiranya trend global ini tidak diberikan perhatian, Malaysia juga berdepan risiko yang sama. Kadar penggunaan permainan dalam talian dalam kalangan kanak-kanak, remaja dan belia adalah tinggi. Manakala kebanyakan platform menyediakan kemudahan komunikasi rentas negara yang sukar dipantau secara menyeluruh.

Insiden yang melibatkan kanak-kanak bawah umur di Johor wajar dilihat sebagai petunjuk awal (early warning indicator) bahawa pengaruh ruang digital terhadap tingkah laku pengguna semakin kompleks. Walaupun kes tersebut tidak melibatkan radikalisasi atau keganasan bermotif ideologi, ia menunjukkan bahawa pengalaman digital berpotensi mempengaruhi emosi dan tingkah laku seseorang, sekali gus menekankan kepentingan memantau penyalahgunaan ekosistem permainan dalam talian oleh aktor ekstremis. Sehubungan itu, pendekatan PCVE di Malaysia perlu diperluaskan daripada pemantauan media sosial tradisional kepada keseluruhan gaming ecosystem, termasuk platform permainan, aplikasi komunikasi seperti Discord, komuniti live streaming, servers dan ruang interaksi maya lain yang semakin menjadi sebahagian daripada kehidupan generasi muda. Pendekatan ini juga perlu disokong oleh kerjasama strategik antara agensi keselamatan, institusi pendidikan, ibu bapa dan syarikat teknologi bagi memastikan ruang digital kekal selamat daripada eksploitasi kumpulan ekstremis. 

Oleh itu, perlu wujud usaha mitigasi bersepadu yang melibatkan kerjasama pelbagai agensi dalam usaha membanteras penyebaran fahaman ekstremis di platform permainan dalam talian. Langkah-langkah strategik termasuk pengenalan dasar pengurusan kandungan yang ketat serta pelaksanaan program pendidikan literasi digital yang mendalam bertujuan membina kesedaran pengguna terhadap bahaya radikalisasi secara dalam talian. Keberkesanan pendekatan ini bergantung kepada penguatkuasaan yang tegas, integrasi teknologi canggih untuk pengesanan awal kandungan berbahaya dan penglibatan masyarakat sebagai agen utama dalam memupuk norma-norma positif.  Pendekatan proaktif ini diyakini mampu mengurangkan impak negatif permainan dalam talian dan seterusnya memperkukuhkan ketahanan keselamatan negara daripada ancaman yang semakin berkembang.

RANGKA PERUNDANGAN DAN POLISI SEMASA

Rangka perundangan dan polisi semasa memainkan peranan penting dalam menangani cabaran yang dibawa oleh permainan dalam talian sebagai ruang radikalisasi. Dasar-dasar yang sedia ada, termasuk Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia dan Akta Hasutan memberi landasan untuk penguatkuasaan terhadap kandungan berpotensi mencetuskan fahaman ekstremis di platform digital. Walau bagaimanapun, perkembangan teknologi yang pesat memerlukan penyesuaian dan pengemaskinian rangka perundangan secara berterusan untuk mengekang penyebaran ideologi radikal secara efektif. Selain itu, polisi berkaitan dengan kawalan kandungan, pengesanan aktiviti berunsur ekstremisme dan pendekatan pencegahan di setiap organisasi dan komuniti turut diberi penekanan.

Kerjasama antara agensi seperti Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (MCMC), Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) dan Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam (OIC) memungkinkan pengukuhan mekanisme pengawasan dan penguatkuasaan terhadap platform permainan dalam talian. Pendekatan ini bukan sahaja melibatkan tindakan undang-undang, malah penyelarasan polisi yang mengutamakan literasi digital dan pembangunan kesedaran masyarakat. Dalam masa yang sama, garis panduan khusus berkaitan kandungan yang dibenarkan di platform permainan wajar digubal bagi mempromosikan ekosistem yang selamat dan bertanggungjawab. Oleh kerana ancaman yang sentiasa berubah, dinamik rangka perundangan dan polisi memerlukan pemantauan dan penambahbaikan berterusan agar mampu menyokong usaha mencegah radikalisasi secara berkesan serta memastikan keselamatan negara dikekalkan.

ETIKA, PRIVASI DAN KEBEBASAN SIVIL

Dalam usaha mengendalikan penyebaran konten yang berpotensi ke arah radikal, aspek etika, privasi dan kebebasan sivil perlu diberi perhatian utama. Penerapan langkah-langkah pengawasan dan penyaringan harus dilaksanakan tanpa mengabaikan hak peribadi pengguna termasuk hak privasi dan kebebasan bersuara. Pengawasan yang berlebihan berisiko menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam mengekang kandungan berbahaya, sementara pelanggaran terhadap privasi mampu menimbulkan ketidakpercayaan masyarakat terhadap pihak berkuasa. Selain itu, adalah penting untuk menyeimbangkan dasar kawal selia dengan prinsip-prinsip etika yang mendukung hak asasi manusia serta kebebasan sivil. Pendekatan yang beretika ini wajar memastikan bahawa usaha pencegahan radikalisasi tidak menjejaskan hak individu secara tidak adil dan tidak mengancam kehidupan dengan norma demokrasi dalam negara. Pada masa yang sama, keperluan untuk mempromosikan literasi digital dan pendidikan media dilihat signifikan dalam membina ketahanan (resilience) terhadap pengaruh ekstremis yang tersebar melalui platform permainan dalam talian.

Penguatkuasaan terhadap pengguna yang melanggar garis panduan harus dilakukan secara adil dan telus serta berdasarkan kepada kerangka undang-undang yang jelas. Penglibatan komuniti setempat dan pihak berkepentingan adalah penting bagi memastikan bahawa langkah-langkah proaktif yang bakal diambil tidak melanggar kebebasan sivil, tetapi pada masa sama berkesan dalam dapat mengukuhkan keselamatan negara. 

PENUTUP

Ketidakpastian yang timbul daripada penggunaan permainan dalam talian sebagai ruang radikalisasi menunjukkan perlunya usaha bersepadu dalam menangani isu ini. Infrastruktur digital tidak hanya membawa manfaat tetapi juga membuka ruang untuk manipulasi dan penyebaran ideologi ekstremis yang mempengaruhi golongan muda secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Oleh itu, langkah strategik perlu diambil termasuk mengetatkan kerangka perundangan yang mampu mengawal kandungan yang berpotensi menggugat keselamatan negara tanpa melanggar hak asasi serta kebebasan sivil. Selain itu, pendidikan media dan literasi digital harus dipertingkatkan agar pengguna dapat mengenali dan menilai maklumat dengan berhemah, memberi perlindungan dan pengetahuan dari pengaruh radikal.

Penguatkuasaan dan pengawasan terhadap platform permainan dalam talian juga memainkan peranan penting dalam membendung penyebaran ideologi ekstremis secara terbuka. Selain daripada itu, kesedaran kolektif melalui peranan komuniti setempat dan kerjasama pelbagai pihak amat diperlukan untuk memupuk budaya kritikal dan toleransi. Kolaborasi antara agensi kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO) adalah imperative untuk membina rangka kerja pencegahan yang efektif. Dalam konteks ini, pendekatan holistik yang melibatkan pengetahuan, kawalan, pendidikan dan kerjasama akan lebih berdaya tahan dalam menangani ancaman terhadap keselamatan negara. Penambahbaikan dalam polisi sedia ada harus berpaksikan kepada maklumat terkini dan merangkumi langkah-langkah preventive berasaskan bukti untuk memastikan keberkesanan usaha mengawal penyebaran radikalisme dalam permainan dalam talian. Dengan mengintegrasikan prinsip etika, privasi dan hak kebebasan sivil secara seimbang, pendekatan ini mampu menjaga kestabilan sosial tanpa menjejaskan hak individu. Kesimpulannya, usaha memperkukuh pengawalan, pendidikan dan kerjasama adalah way forward dalam memastikan permainan dalam talian tidak menjadi saluran yang memudaratkan keselamatan negara dan perpaduan masyarakat. 

Terrorism Watch Second Quarter 2026

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The second quarter of Terrorism Watch 2026 explores the most recent events and developments pertaining to terror-related incidents in Southeast Asia and significant incidents worldwide from April to June 2026.

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Nigeria, Somalia, and Syria continue to face persistent terrorism threats due to internal instability and weaknesses in their domestic security structures. In Syria, the ongoing internal conflict, particularly the withdrawal of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has the potential to further exacerbate security threats not only within the country but also at the global level. In addition, an increase in terrorism-related incidents involving lone wolf actor has been observed since the outbreak of the conflict between the United States and Iran in early March 2026. This conflict has motivated certain individuals and groups to demonstrate support for parties aligned with their ideological beliefs, thereby increasing the risk of self-radicalised and independently conducted terrorist attacks that are difficult to detect during the early stages.

With regard to the current landscape of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism in Southeast Asia, reports indicate that the security threat remains relevant and persistent. In Indonesia, reports of two separate arrests involving individuals linked to the dissemination of extremist ideology demonstrate that the terrorism threat continues to exist despite the dismantling of several militant networks. This situation suggests that unrestricted access to the internet has contributed to the emergence of self-radicalisation, driven by uncontrolled exposure to extremist content through social media, particularly WhatsApp platform. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, terrorist activities remain concentrated in specific areas such as Maguindanao del Sur and Tacloban in the Eastern Visayas region, where they are orchestrated by the Dawlah Islamiyah (DI) terrorist group. Nevertheless, the Philippine security forces have demonstrated effective operational, tactical, and intelligence capabilities by successfully dismantling a weapons manufacturing facility operated by the Dawlah Islamiyah–Maute Group (DI-MG). These developments indicate that although the terrorism threat persists, the overall threat level in the Philippines appears to be declining as a result of sustained pressure and proactive counter-terrorism operations conducted by the country’s security forces.  

The use of these social media platforms reflects the evolution of extremist groups’ tactics in targeting the younger generation in a more focused, covert, and difficult-to-detect way. Such progress necessitates a holistic and unified strategy that encompasses every tier of society, including family institutions, educational institutions, and security agencies. It is vital for parents to monitoring their children’s online activities and fostering critical thinking is crucial in preventing the spread of extremist ideologies from taking root from an early stage.

INTRODUCTION

In numerous countries, the second quarter of 2026 has been marked by notable events, as terrorist and militant organisations continue their operations in conflict zones to enhance and reinforce their power.

The following are the highlights of recent terrorism-related occurrences around the world:

a.  Iran.

(1) On 8 June 26, Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence successfully dismantled four terrorist cells and apprehended around 19 members in several locations, including Sistan and Baluchistan, Yazd, and Semnan. The operation also led to the fatalities of one security officer and five terrorists. A large cache of firearms and explosive materials was also discovered and seized during the operation.

(2) The operation conducted by Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence, which successfully dismantled four terrorist cells, demonstrates the effectiveness of intelligence operations in detecting and disrupting terrorist networks before they are able to carry out attacks. The arrest of approximately 19 suspects, the killing of five terrorists, and the confiscation of a large cache of firearms and explosive materials are expected to significantly undermine the group’s operational capabilities. The operation reflects the Iranian authorities’ continued commitment to strengthening national security and actively addressing terrorism threats.

b. Turkiye.

(1) On 7 Apr 26, three-armed men opened fire on Turkish security forces outside the Israeli Consulate in Istanbul. Turkish security personnel killed one of the assailants and apprehended the other two. The attack also injured two security personnel. The deceased attacker was identified as Yunus E.S., while the two suspects arrested were identified as Onur C. and Enes C. According to a statement by the Turkish Ministry of Interior, Yunus was reportedly linked to a terrorist group that exploits religion to advance its agenda in Turkiye.

(2) On 13 May 26, Turkish authorities arrested 324 suspects in a nationwide operation targeting the Daesh terrorist group across 47 provinces, including major cities such as Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir. The operation was conducted in cooperation with the National Intelligence Organisation (MIT). During the operation, the authorities also seized one handgun, four rifles, 122 rounds of ammunition, and financial assets estimated to be worth USD 213,000.

(3) On 17 June 26, the National Intelligence Organisation (MIT) successfully arrested a senior Daesh leader who was attempting to enter Türkiye illegally through a border crossing. The suspect was identified as Ahmet Kazanci @ Abu Ubeyde @ Abu Ibrahim, who was responsible for overseeing the terrorist group’s Turkish-language media operations.

(4) The series of attacks carried out by the Daesh terrorist group may have been intended as a provocation or as a warning to demonstrate that the group remains operational and capable of threatening Turkiye national security. Daesh is also believed to use the local language as part of its propaganda strategy to attract and recruit more individuals by delivering its messaging in a language that is more easily understood by the local. The counter-terrorism operations conducted by the Turkish security forces reflect the government’s strong commitment to disrupting Daesh’s activities and preventing the spread of its extremist ideology within the country  

c. India.

(1) On 12 Apr 26, Indian security forces, in cooperation with the Central Intelligence Agency, conducted an operation that resulted in the arrest of several individuals suspected of having links to the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) terrorist group. The suspects were believed to be involved in producing fraudulent identities for terrorists, including forged documents such as passports, national identity cards, and Permanent Account Number (PAN) cards.

(2) On 2 May 26, a 32-year-old man was arrested by Indian security forces in Kutch, Gujarat, for allegedly promoting Daesh extremist ideology through social media. The suspect was identified as Fakirmamad Isha Gagda. Investigations revealed that he operated multiple social media accounts under different aliases and disseminated Daesh propaganda and extremist narratives across various platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp.

(3) Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is believed to exploit social media platforms to disseminate its extremist ideology. This is reflected in the use of forged identities, including PAN cards, national identity cards, and passports, to conceal the group’s activities and evade detection by security forces. The arrest of individuals involved in producing fraudulent documents for LeT, together with action taken against those disseminating Daesh propaganda through social media, reflects the proactive approach adopted by the Indian authorities to curb support for terrorist organisations. These measures are expected to reduce the operational capability of terrorist groups by disrupting their ability to recruit members, facilitate movement, and expand their influence across India.   

d. Pakistan.

(1) On 9 May 26, 14 police officers were killed in an ambush targeting a security checkpoint in Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Ittehad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan, a splinter group of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), claimed responsibility for the attack.

(2) On 24 May 26, the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) claimed responsibility for a bombing attack targeting a train in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. The attack killed nearly 24 people and left more than 70 others seriously injured.

(3) On 17 June 26, three members of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) were confirmed killed during an operation conducted by the Counter Terrorism Department (CTD) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Mardan, Pakistan. The three suspects were identified as Hayat Khan (also known as Hayatullah), Asim, and Aminullah. During the operation, CTD officers also recovered three rifles, hand grenades, and a quantity of ammunition from the scene.

(4) These three significant incidents demonstrate that the terrorism threat in Pakistan remains at a high level, particularly in the southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) continue to demonstrate the capability to carry out high-impact attacks targeting critical infrastructure and soft targets. This suggests that both groups retain operational capability, established logistical networks, and the capacity to recruit members to sustain their terrorist activities. Accordingly, sustained intelligence operations, offensive counter-terrorism measures, and robust security enforcement by Pakistan’s security forces remain essential to degrading these groups’ capabilities and reducing the risk of further attacks. To mitigate the likelihood of similar incidents, Pakistan should strengthen security cooperation and intelligence-sharing with international partners, particularly neighboring countries and strategic allies. Pakistani security forces are also likely to intensify military and intelligence operations in the country’s northwestern regions and along the Pakistan–Afghanistan border to identify terrorist networks and disrupt their logistical support. 

e. Syria

(1) On 27 Apr 26, Syrian security forces successfully dismantled a terrorist cell that was planning attacks and attempting to disrupt public security in western Hom’s province. The operation resulted in the death of two members of the terrorist group and the seizure of a large quantity of weapons, including anti-tank missile launchers, sniper rifles, RPG launchers, ammunition, and explosives.

(2) On 22 June 26, Syrian authorities successfully arrested a bomb and weapons manufacturing expert affiliated with the Daesh terrorist group in eastern Syria. The individual was identified as Akram Saleh al-Hamad, also known as Abdo Tasni’a. He was also linked to several attacks targeting Syrian security forces.

(3) On 24 June 26, the US Central Command (CENTCOM) successfully eliminated a senior Daesh leader identified as Ali Husayn al-‘Ulaywi through an airstrike in northwestern Syria.

(4) These security operations represent significant developments in the context of counter-terrorism efforts and the security situation in Syria. The dismantling of terrorist cells, arrests, and elimination of key figures have the potential to disrupt attack planning and weaken operational networks, particularly those linked to Daesh in Syria. Although Daesh has lost most of its territorial control, the threat remains persistent through the presence of sleeper cells, sympathisers, and supporters operating covertly. Therefore, continuous efforts to identify and neutralise key Daesh elements must be maintained to prevent the group’s resurgence and reduce threats to regional security. 

f. Mali

(1) On 25 Apr 26, Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), Al-Qaeda-linked terrorist group, claimed responsibility for coordinated attacks targeting several major cities in Bamako, Mali. The attacks also involved the Azawad Liberation Front (ALF) separatist group. The Malian Minister of Defence was also killed in the attack.

(2) The coordinated attacks by JNIM, with the support of the Azawad Liberation Front (ALF) separatist group, demonstrate the increasing operational capabilities of terrorist groups in conducting large-scale and well-planned attacks against strategic targets in Mali. The successful takeover of several major cities and the death of the Malian Defence Minister have significant implications for the country’s security situation and political stability. The cooperation between terrorist organisations and local armed groups has the potential to weaken government control and further increase instability across the Sahel region. Therefore, security forces need to implement more aggressive offensive measures to contain the resurgence and expansion of terrorist groups in the region.

g. Nigeria

(1) On 16 May 26, A joint operation conducted by United States and Nigerian security agencies successfully eliminated a senior Daesh leader in the Lake Chad region. The suspect was identified as Abu Bilal Al-Minuki, also known as Abu Mainok. He was reportedly the second-in-command of Daesh at the global level.

(2) On 3 June 26, Nigerian security forces operating under Operation Hadin Kai successfully killed 50 terrorists, including a senior commander of the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), in Borno, Nigeria. The senior ISWAP commander was identified as Khalifa Umar, who was believed to have played a significant role as a key decision-maker within the group.

(3) On 22 June 26, A total of 11 farmers were killed in two terrorist attacks in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria. The Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) claimed responsibility for the attacks.

(4) Recent developments in Nigeria demonstrate the continued commitment of Nigerian security forces and their international strategic partners in combating terrorism within the country. These incidents indicate that Nigeria continues to face persistent terrorist threats from groups such as Boko Haram and the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). The attacks also highlight that militant groups continue to maintain significant operational capabilities despite sustained pressure from Nigerian security forces. The latest successes further demonstrate the effectiveness of Nigeria’s offensive approach in disrupting the organisational structures of militant groups operating in the country. Nigerian security forces are expected to continue applying pressure against terrorist organisations to gradually weaken their influence and operational capabilities.

h. Kenya

(1) On 8 Apr 26, an operation conducted by the Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI) successfully dismantled an Al-Shabaab terrorist group supply network in Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya. Among the items seized were uniforms suspected of being used for impersonation purposes and other related activities.

(2) On 22 June 26, Kenyan Defence Forces (KDF) successfully thwarted an attempted attack by the Al-Shabaab terrorist group targeting a military camp in Central Mandera County, Kenya. The swift response by security forces forced Al-Shabaab militants to withdraw before they could breach the perimeter of the critical security installation.

(3) Recent developments indicate that the threat posed by the Al-Shabaab terrorist group in Kenya is increasing, with military camps becoming targeted objectives for terrorist attacks. The swift actions taken by Kenyan security forces in thwarting the attempted attack on a military camp in Central Mandera have disrupted the group’s logistical support activities while demonstrating the high level of preparedness among security forces. Overall, these efforts are expected to restrict Al-Shabaab’s freedom of movement and reduce its operational capabilities in Kenya, particularly in areas near the Somalia border.

i. Somalia

(1) On 6 Apr 26, Somali security forces conducted an airstrike targeting the Al-Shabaab terrorist group in Baidoa, Somalia. The strike successfully killed 12 terrorist while several others were injured.

(2) On 20 Apr 26, Somali security forces neutralised one terrorist and injured two others during Operation Waabari, which targeted Al-Shabaab’s extortion activities in the Lower Shabelle region. The deceased terrorist was identified as Zakariye, while the two individuals were identified as Xasan Cabdiraxmaan and Geele. Operation Waabari was a joint operation involving security forces and officers from the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

(3) On 6 May 26, Somali National Army (SNA) conducted a security operation targeting the Al-Shabaab group in Mudug Region. The operation successfully killed 13 Al-Shabaab members and injured two others. The operation was part of three concurrent counter-terrorism operations aimed to disrupt the activities of the terrorist group across the region.

(4) The success of the Somali Intelligence Agency in dismantling Al-Shabaab terrorist networks demonstrates the capability and effectiveness of Somalia’s intelligence and security apparatus. Based on these three incidents, it shows that Somali security forces continue to intensify offensive operations against the Al-Shabaab group across several key regions, including Baidoa, Lower Shabelle, and Mudug. These continued actions reflect the Somali government’s commitment to degrading terrorists operational capabilities and logistical networks. 

j. Chad

(1) On 5 May 26, Boko Haram launched an attack against a military post on Barka Tolorom Island, Lake Chad. The attack resulted in the deaths of at least 23 personnel, while 26 others were injured.

(2) This attack demonstrates that the group continues to possess the capability to conduct terrorist act against critical security installations, particularly in the Lake Chad region, which remains difficult to control. The high number of casualties reflects the level of planning and operational capability of the group in exploiting geographical challenges and security vulnerabilities in remote areas. The incident also indicates that Boko Haram continues to maintain a strategy of targeting security assets and personnel to weaken government operational capabilities, while simultaneously affecting the morale of security forces and local communities. In addition, the attack is expected to encourage authorities to strengthen security measures in border areas and enhance operational cooperation among member states of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF). Measures such as intelligence sharing, joint patrols, and coordinated operations are expected to be intensified to restrict Boko Haram’s movements and reduce the risk of further attacks in the Lake Chad region.

k. United States

(1) On 9 June 26, Manhattan Federal Court, US, sentenced a former Taliban commander to 42 years in prison for charges related to kidnapping and involvement in terrorist activities. Haji Najibullah pleaded guilty to supporting the Taliban terrorist group in its efforts to kill US authorities and kidnapping of a journalist identified as David Rohde.

(2) In the context of ongoing conflicts and rising geopolitical tensions, countries allied with the US are expected to continue facing internal security challenges. These threats do not only emerge in the form of proxy operations but are also compounded by the increasing activities of lone wolf actor who act independently while being influenced by extremist narratives or global geopolitical sentiments. 

l. Georgia

(1) On 21 Apr 26, two individuals were arrested by the Georgian authorities on allegations of involvement with the Daesh terrorist group in Batumi, Georgia. One of the suspects was a Georgian national, while the other was a foreign national. They were alleged to have pledged allegiance to Daesh through a video recording that was sent to the group’s leadership. Georgian security forces seized various items of evidence, including electronic data storage devices, unregistered SIM cards, mobile phones, items bearing Daesh symbols, masks, personal documents, and other evidential materials.

(2) The arrest of two individuals suspected of having links to Daesh indicates that the terrorism threat in Georgia extends beyond the potential for physical attacks and also encompasses radicalisation activities and ideological support. The seizure of various items of evidence, including electronic devices, unregistered SIM cards, and Daesh propaganda materials, reflects the authorities’ efforts to identify and dismantle the group’s support networks at an early stage. This proactive approach is expected to reduce the risk of Daesh expanding its influence while strengthening domestic security through enhanced monitoring and preventive counter-terrorism measures. 

TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

INDONESIA

On 6 May 26, eight terrorist suspects linked to Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) were arrested by Densus 88 during an operation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Preliminary investigations revealed that all of the suspects were allegedly involved in disseminating extremist propaganda through social media platforms, while also uploading content promoting radicalism and terrorism.

On 11 May 26, Densus 88 successfully arrested a 31-year-old man suspected of being influenced by the ideology of the Daesh in Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The suspect, identified by the initials MMH, was a member of a WhatsApp group that supported Daesh and was actively involved in disseminating the group’s propaganda across social media platforms.

The arrests of individuals linked to terrorist activities indicate that the terrorism threat in Indonesia remains present despite the dismantling of several militant networks. These operations are significant in preventing the resurgence of small terrorist cells through recruitment, propaganda, and training conducted by extremist groups within the country. The dissemination of radical content through digital platforms demonstrates that these groups continue to exploit social media as a tool for indoctrination and for sustaining their networks. Consequently, deradicalisation efforts and monitoring of online extremist propaganda should be further strengthened, as extremist groups are increasingly operating covertly and using online platforms to spread their ideology and recruit new members. 

THE PHILIPPINES

On 15 Apr 26, Philippine security forces conducted a security operation and successfully raided a firearms manufacturing facility suspected of belonging to the Dawlah Islamiyah–Maute Group (DI-MG) in Marogong, Lanao del Sur. Among the items seized were a milling machine, a welding machine, and other weapons fabrication equipment. Security forces also confiscated 50-calibre barrels, 50-calibre propellant cartridges, three Barrett rifle scopes, and one hand grenade.

On 5 May 26, five members of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) peacefully surrendered to Philippine security forces in Maguindanao del Sur. The individuals were identified as Datu Ali Samat, Morad Datu Ali, Guialudin Samsudin Salipada, Tohami Katu Maguid, and Diya Bakang Dagadas. A number of firearms were also surrendered as a symbolic gesture during the surrender ceremony.

On 23 June 26, Philippine Department of Justice (DOJ) began examining the possibility that nihilistic violent extremism (NVE) played a role in a school shooting incident in Tacloban, which resulted in three fatalities and 20 injuries. The investigation also found that one of the suspects was reportedly addicted to the online game GoreBox, which features graphic violence and the use of firearms.

The raid on the weapons manufacturing facility and the arrests carried out by Philippine security forces represent a significant development in efforts to curb the operational capabilities of militant groups such as Dawlah Islamiyah (DI) and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) in southern Philippines. The seizure of firearms and critical weapons manufacturing equipment is expected to weaken these groups’ long-term ability to rebuild their operational capacity. The surrender of militant members also indicates that soft approaches, including reintegration programmes, rehabilitation initiatives, and community engagement, introduced by the government have produced positive outcomes. However, online radicalisation through social media platforms and online gaming has emerged as a new and evolving security challenge. Terrorism landscape in the Philippines underscores the need for sustained cooperation among all stakeholders to ensure the country’s long-term stability and security. 

CONCLUSION

Countries in the regions of Southeast Asia, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe continue to face persistent terrorist threats driven by prolonged internal conflicts and weaknesses in domestic security structures. At the same time, extremist sentiments and hate-based ideologies continue to be exploited by terrorist supporters and sympathisers to gain support and expand their influence within communities. The widespread use of digital platforms and social media has further accelerated the dissemination of these narratives, making them increasingly difficult to monitor. Geopolitical tensions between Iran and the United States have also contributed to broader international instability. This environment creates opportunities for terrorist organisations such as Daesh to exploit these tensions, particularly by manipulating economic grievances and perceptions of injustice among affected populations. In this context, the risk of the resurgence of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs), as well as the increasing threat posed by lone wolf actors, is expected to continue expanding at both the global and regional levels.

The terrorism threat level in Malaysia remains at a moderate level, with the possibility of attack incidents still existing although without any clear or specific indicators. Nevertheless, as a preventive measure, government continues to strengthen cooperation through platforms such as the Counter Terrorism Information Facility (CTIF) and ASEAN Our Eyes (AOE) to facilitate intelligence coordination and information sharing among security agencies. Through integrated intelligence sharing, the capability to detect and respond to potential terrorist threats at an early stage is significantly enhanced.

Overall, the threat of terrorism at the global and regional levels is expected to persist and continue to pose concerns for countries worldwide. The prevalent adoption of social media in daily life has become a key catalyst for the dissemination of extremist propaganda, increasing the likelihood of lone-wolf actors and making it more difficult for authorities to detect and prevent threats at an early stage. Thus, regional collaboration and intelligence exchange among nations remain crucial to ensure that any form of local threat or activities involving Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) can be identified and addressed in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.

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Terrorism Watch First Quarter 2026

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The first quarter of Terrorism Watch 2026 explores the most recent events and developments pertaining to terror-related incidents in Southeast Asia and significant incidents worldwide from January to March 2026.

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Nigeria continue to face persistent terrorist threats due to unresolved internal conflicts. The internal conflict in Syria, which has seen the withdrawal of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) also has the potential to increase security threats globally, particularly as a number of individuals linked to Daesh were reportedly able to escape from Al-Hol Camp. This development creates opportunities for the regrouping and strengthening of the group’s network, while also increasing the risk of renewed recruitment and mobilisation of extremist elements in conflict areas. In addition, an increase in terrorism-related threats involving lone wolf actors has also been identified since the outbreak of the conflict between the United States and Iran in early March 2026. This conflict has encouraged certain individuals or groups to express support for parties aligned with their respective ideologies, thereby increasing the risk of lone wolf actor that are difficult to detect at an early stage.

At the regional level, the threat of terrorism in Southeast Asia remains a serious concern. In Indonesia, reports concerning two primary school children exposed to violent extremist ideology indicate that the phenomenon of radicalisation is increasingly spreading among the youths. This situation illustrates how unrestricted access to the internet and online games has contributed to the emergence of self-radicalisation processes occurring quietly, driven by uncontrolled exposure to extremist content through social media. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, terrorist acts are still assessed to be concentrated in certain areas such as Maguindanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte, orchestrated by the terrorist group, Dawlah Islamiyah (DI). Despite this, the Philippine security forces have showcased the efficiency of their operational, tactical, and intelligence capabilities by neutralising a high-ranking leader of the group in a targeted security operation. This progress indicates that while the threat of terrorism still exists, the threat level in the Philippines seems to be slowly diminishing due to ongoing efforts and proactive actions taken by the security forces.  

In Malaysia, the national threat level remains at a moderate stage, indicating the possibility of an attack but with no specific or confirmed threat identified. Although the risk of physical attacks remains low, the spread of online radicalisation and the dissemination of extremist narratives in public spaces continue to be key areas of concern. Similar to the situation in Indonesia, the detention of six teenagers last march indicates a shift in the pattern of terrorism threats in Malaysia focusing on digital radicalisation involving youths. This case demonstrates that teenagers, including children, are increasingly being exposed to extremist propaganda through online communication and gaming platforms such as Discord and Roblox. The use of these platforms reflects the evolution of extremist groups’ tactics in targeting the younger generation in a more focused, covert, and difficult-to-detect way. This development calls for a more comprehensive and integrated approach involving all levels of institutions, including family institutions, educational institutions, and security agencies. The role of parents in monitoring their children’s online activities and fostering critical thinking is crucial in preventing the spread of extremist ideologies from taking root from an early stage.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout various countries, the first quarter of 2026 has been characterised by significant developments, with terrorist and militant groups sustaining their activities in conflict areas to consolidate and strengthen their influence.

The following are the highlights of recent terrorism-related occurrences around the world:

a.  Pakistan.

(1) On 6 Feb 26, a suicide bombing took place at Khadija al-Kubra Mosque in Islamabad during Friday prayers. The incident resulted in the deaths of 32 worshippers and left 162 others injured. Pakistan’s Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Defence blamed India and Afghanistan of involvement in the attack. However, both governments dismissed the accusations and denied any participation. Follow-up actions by the Pakistani security forces successfully led to the arrest of four individuals suspected of coordinating the attack. A terrorist group linked to Daesh claimed responsibility for the attack.

(2) On 17 Feb 26, a total of 11 members of the Pakistani security forces and one child lost their lives, while 25 others sustained injuries in multiple suicide bombing incidents in Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The attack was believed to have been orchestrated by the terrorist group Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). The group reportedly rammed a vehicle laden with explosives into a military checkpoint located at the border entry.

(3) The bombing incident highlights the continuing threat posed by the terrorist group Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the persistent Daesh factions still active in the country. The objectives of these terrorist organisations encompass prominent regions like the capital city of Pakistan and various chosen hotspots. The event highlights the resurgence of TTP activities, as the organisation seems to grow bolder in executing assaults on major urban and strategic areas, thereby raising the potential for large-scale attacks in the future. The accusations regarding the participation of the two countries constitute a sensitive issue that Pakistan should avoid. Those accusations might potentially lead to prolonged tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan, which may undermine regional stability, particularly within the context of South Asian security. To curb the possibility of further similar attacks, Pakistani security forces are anticipated to strengthen security cooperation and intelligence exchange with international partners, particularly neighboring countries and strategic allies. Pakistani security forces are also likely to intensify military and intelligence operations in the northwestern regions of the country, as well as along the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, in order to track terrorist networks and disrupt their logistical support channels. 

b. Somalia.

(1) On 24 Feb 26, Somalia’s intelligence agency, alongside the security forces, conducted four coordinated operations that effectively neutralised 23 members of the terrorist group Al-Shabaab. The operations were conducted in the regions near Shabelle and Hiiraan. Based on an official statement from the intelligence agency, the offensive operations were launched based on intelligence information confirming that elements of the group were preparing to carry out attacks on several towns in the surrounding areas. The implementation of these operations is believed to have foiled the group’s attack plans and weakened its operational capabilities within the affected sectors.

(2) On 6 Feb 26, National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) conducted a major operation in Bu’aale, Middle Juba Region, recognized as a stronghold of Al-Shabaab. The operation targeted the group’s administrative and political headquarters, as well as its sophisticated media and propaganda centers, including facilities used for Radio Al-Andalus broadcasts and the Al-Kataib media unit. The goal was to dismantle the group’s unofficial administrative framework and hinder its capacity to spread radical media content. Based on intelligence reports, NISA effectively eliminated broadcasting equipment, advanced cameras, and data servers employed for the group’s propaganda activities. The operation also neutralised multiple terrorist elements, while dismantling vital assets that support Al-Shabaab’s logistics and media operations in Bu’aale.

(3) The effectiveness of Somalia’s intelligence agency in breaking up Al-Shabaab’s activities illustrates the increasing proficiency and effectiveness of Somali security force intelligence operations. The successful neutralisation of militant elements on the ground, along with the dismantling of administrative and propaganda infrastructure in Bu’aale, has both diminished the group’s operational abilities and disrupted its command structure, communications, and ideological dissemination network. The discovery of sophisticated propaganda equipment indicates that the organisation prioritises social media as a as a medium for disseminating information to potential supporters, thus boosting its ability to recruit new members. In this regard, Somali security forces must ensure the continuity of operational pressure and intelligence enhancement to ensure that these tactical successes can be translated into long-term strategic outcomes.  

c. Syria.

(1) On 27 Jan 26, tensions and violence broke out against the Syrian security forces at Al-Hol Camp, leading to a large-scale escape involving detainees. Multiple detainees allegedly assaulted the security personnel, causing chaos within the camp area. Due to the incident, several detainees were believed to have successfully escaped before the security forces managed to regain control of the situation.

(2) On 21 Feb 26, Daesh claimed responsibility for several armed attacks in the Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor regions in eastern Syria. The attacks included shootings involving pistols and automatic weapons targeting members of the Syrian government forces as well as civilians in areas such as Al-Mayadin and the rural outskirts of Raqqa, resulting in the deaths of at least one soldier and one civilian, while several others were injured.

(3) This extensive escape event reveals vulnerabilities in security measures following the takeover of the camp by Syrian government troops from the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The aggression aimed at the Syrian security forces was probably a response from detainees who had been confined in the camp for a long time. They subsequently exploited the administrative tensions to escape. The incident poses an ongoing security threat to the nearby regions, as the escaped prisoners consist of individuals previously associated with Daesh or Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs). The risk of extremist ideology spreading and the re-recruitment of escaped detainees is extremely high. If recidivism were to rise, it could bolster militant personnel resources and consequently endanger the security of surrounding areas. Daesh announced that the attacks were part of a new operational phase targeting the Syrian leadership and aimed to show that Daesh cell networks continue to be active and able to execute armed attacks. This occurrence highlights the revival of Daesh militant actions in eastern Syria, particularly in desert areas and remote towns, affecting the local security environment and compelling Syrian security forces and their allies to intensify security operations to curb the group’s re-emergence.   

d. Nigeria.

(1) On 1 Mar 25, the terrorist group Boko Haram launched an attack on a military base at the Banki junction in Borno, Nigeria. The attack, which occurred at around 0400 hours, resulted in the death of a military officer holding the rank of Major, along with several other security personnel.

(2) On 19 Jan 26, Boko Haram group attacked a Nigerian military in Borno State, killing at least eight soldiers and injuring around 50 others in the Timbuktu Triangle area. The military reported that they had earlier eliminated multiple militant bases in the region and thwarted a planned assault involving a Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device (VBIED), which included the demolition of a vehicle filled with explosives. Nonetheless, a second VBIED succeeded in penetrating defensive lines, resulting in the deaths of several soldiers and members of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF).

(3) Based on both incidents, the attacks carried out by Boko Haram demonstrate that the group still maintains significant operational capability despite sustained pressure from Nigerian security forces. The attack patterns employed, including the use of Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIED) and assaults on military bases during early morning hours, reflect a level of structured tactical planning and the ability to penetrate security defences. The success of certain militant groups in overcoming perimeter security despite early preventive actions reveals gaps in defensive layers and emphasises the necessity to improve preparedness and early warning systems. A more integrated operational approach involving strengthened intelligence capabilities, improved base defence systems, and rapid response capacity is critical to curbing the group’s freedom of movement and sustained attack capability.

e. United States

(1) On 1 Mar 26, a man identified as Ndiaga Diagne, aged 53, opened fire indiscriminately at a bar in Texas, resulting in the deaths of two civilians and injuries to 14 others. Preliminary investigations by local authorities found that the suspect possessed images related to Iranian leadership and was reportedly wearing clothing featuring the Iranian flag during the incident.

(2) On 12 Mar 26, a former terrorism convict carried out a random shooting targeting military personnel member. The incident, which occurred at Constant Hall, resulted in the death of a senior military officer, while two other personnel were seriously injured. The attack began at approximately 10:43 a.m. inside a lecture hall being used for a Military Science programme. The suspect, identified as Mohamed Bailor Jalloh, aged 36, was reportedly heard shouting “Allahu Akbar” shortly before opening fire on individuals inside the room. Nevertheless, a group of students from the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) program who were at the location effectively halted the suspect’s actions. The students physically overpowered the suspect, who was pronounced dead at the scene before police arrived. The suspect was a United States citizen of Sierra Leonean origin residing in Sterling.

(3) Amid ongoing conflicts and rising geopolitical tensions, nations allied with the United States are likely to keep encountering internal security issues. These threats are not only manifested through proxy operations but are also reinforced by the increase in lone wolf activities carried out by individuals acting independently while being influenced by extremist narratives or global geopolitical sentiments.

f. United Kingdom

(1) On 24 Mar 26, four ambulances belonging to a Jewish voluntary emergency service in north London were deliberately set on fire in an incident being investigated as an anti-Semitic hate crime. The event took place in the Golders Green region and involved flammable substances, leading to explosions from oxygen tanks and damage to nearby houses but no injuries were reported. Law enforcement agencies, including anti-terrorism are presently carrying out investigations and tracking down several suspects identified via CCTV footage.

(2) Although the incident is being investigated as a hate-motivated act driven by anti-Semitic sentiment, the attack has also been linked to the conflict between the United States and Iran. There were also claims of responsibility by a group allegedly associated with Iran, although this has yet to be verified. These three attack events demonstrate that extremist ideologies no longer require direct instructions from terrorist organisations to trigger acts of violence. These circumstances also illustrate that global conflicts can impact on the domestic security of nearby nations. The spread of propaganda through social media and cyberspace enables radicalisation processes to occur rapidly and covertly, thereby producing perpetrators who are difficult for authorities to detect. Additionally, the growing tendency towards high-impact yet low-cost attacks, such as the use of firearms or improvised explosive devices, further increases the level of threat to public security.

TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

INDONESIA

On 5 Jan 26, two primary school students were reportedly exposed to elements of radicalism through the online game Roblox in Sampit, Kotawaringin Timur Regency, Indonesia. The students were subsequently added to a WhatsApp group believed to operate as a platform for spreading propaganda as well as recruiting new members.

The exposure of two primary school students in Indonesia to radical ideology serves as  a significant reminder of the evolving pattern of terrorism threats in the digital era. Clearly, this incident is not merely an isolated issue involving individuals; rather, it reflects a systemic phenomenon in which extremist ideologies are increasingly exploiting children through seemingly harmless platforms such as online games and digital communication channels. In this case, the radicalisation process appeared to begin through social interactions within online video games before the children were added to closed communication groups such as WhatsApp, where violent content and extremist ideologies were gradually disseminated. This pattern aligns with the worldwide trend of digital radicalisation, whereby cyberspace is used as preliminary filtering method before deeper indoctrination processes are carried out in closed and difficult-to-detect environments.

THE PHILIPPINES

On 8 Mar 26, Philippine security forces carried out an operation that successfully eliminated a senior leader of the terrorist group Dawlah Islamiyah–Hassan Group (DI-HG), identified as Emarudin Kulaw, in the town of Banisilan, North Cotabato, Philippines. Law enforcement also confiscated multiple firearms at the location. Besides being a prominent leader, Alpha King was recognised as one of the experts in creating Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) for the DI-HG group.

The death of a key figure within the Dawlah Islamiyah–Hassan Group (DI-HG) marks a significant development in the security landscape of Southern Philippines, with the clear potential to weaken the group’s organisational structure, disrupt its communication network, and hinder the planning of future terrorist attacks. The loss of this senior figure is expected to incite internal rifts and power conflicts among group members. If such situations occur, it will indirectly provide an advantage to the Philippine security forces in conducting follow-up operations to dismantle the remaining active militant cells.

However, from a counterterrorism standpoint, tactical successes by the security forces do not necessarily eliminate the threat entirely. Philippine security forces are expected to continue intensifying security operations against the remnants of terrorist groups that have long established a presence in the country, in order to ensure that public safety and societal stability remain protected.

MALAYSIA

On 14 Feb 26, the Royal Malaysia Police apprehended six individuals, including three minors, suspected of plotting attacks against police stations and government facilities. All male individuals aged between 16 and 21 years old were detained in the Klang Valley, Johor, Kedah, and Terengganu on 14 and 15 February under suspicion of being involved in supporting the terrorist organisation Daesh, which includes disseminating radical ideologies, recruiting new members, and promoting propaganda materials online. The detentions were carried out in accordance with procedures under the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA). All suspects are being investigated under Chapter 6A of the Penal Code relating to terrorism offences and may face multiple charges, including Section 130J for promoting terrorist groups as well as becoming or claiming to be members of terrorist organisations, and Section 130JB for possessing, preparing, displaying, or distributing materials related to terrorist groups. 

CONCLUSION

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Nigeria still encounter terrorist due to ongoing internal unrest. At the same time, extremist sentiments and hate-based ideologies continue to be exploited by supporters and sympathisers of terrorist groups to garner public backing and expand their influence within society. The use of digital platforms and social media has accelerated the widespread dissemination of such narratives, making them increasingly difficult to control. The geopolitical conflict between Iran and the United States has also contributed to instability among various parties at the international level. Variations in ideology and beliefs have prompted specific individuals and groups to express support for parties aligned with their respective interests, thereby creating polarisation within communities. This situation indirectly provides opportunities for groups such as Daesh to exploit such tensions, particularly by manipulating economic pressures and feelings of injustice among affected individuals. In this context, the risk of the resurgence of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs), as well as the increasing threat posed by lone wolf actors, is expected to continue expanding at both the global and regional levels.

The terrorism threat level in Malaysia remains at a moderate level, with the possibility of attack incidents still existing although without any clear or specific indicators. Nevertheless, there are ongoing concerns regarding the involvement of certain individuals within society in promoting particular ideologies through social media platforms. Although the risk of physical threats is currently assessed to be low, the development of online radicalisation and the spread of extremist ideologies in public spaces require close monitoring and continuous preventive measures to ensure that the country’s security and stability remain safeguarded.

Overall, the threat of terrorism at the global and regional levels is expected to persist and continue to pose concerns for countries worldwide. The extensive use of social media in daily life has become a key enabler of extremist propaganda dissemination, increasing the likelihood of lone-wolf actors and making it more difficult for authorities to detect and prevent threats at an early stage. In this regard, enhanced regional cooperation and intelligence sharing among nations remain crucial to ensure that any form of local threat or movement involving Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) can be identified and addressed in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.

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ISU NETWORK SCHOOL DI FOREST CITY, JOHOR BAHARU: IMPLIKASI TERHADAP KESELAMATAN NEGARA MALAYSIA

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Pendahuluan

Network School merupakan sebuah komuniti teknologi antarabangsa yang diasaskan oleh Balaji Srinivasan, bekas Ketua Pegawai Teknologi (CTO) Coinbase. Balaji memiliki Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Sarjana dan PhD dalam Kejuruteraan Elektrik dari Universiti Stanford. Beliau terkenal sebagai seorang usahawan teknologi, pelabur dan penulis dalam bidang teknologi dan aset digital. Organisasi ini beroperasi di Forest City, Johor, dengan menghimpunkan usahawan teknologi, pembangun kecerdasan buatan (AI), pelabur, pakar blockchain, digital nomad dan profesional teknologi dari pelbagai negara. Ia menawarkan penginapan, makanan dan akses kepada komuniti teknologi dengan yuran sekitar USD 1,500 sebulan. Walaupun menggunakan istilah “School”, organisasi ini bukan merupakan institusi pendidikan tinggi yang berdaftar di bawah Akta Institusi Pendidikan Tinggi Swasta 1996 (Akta 555), sebaliknya berfungsi sebagai komuniti pembelajaran, kediaman dan pembangunan teknologi secara persendirian. Hasil semakan Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi (KPT) mendapati tiada sebarang kerjasama, pengiktirafan atau penglibatan Universiti Awam (UA) mahupun IPTS berdaftar dengan Network School berdasarkan rekod yang ada pada masa ini.

Network School memberi fokus kepada empat (4) elemen (Learn, Burn, Earn, Fun):

  • Learn – Sesi kuliah dan perkongsian ilmu daripada pengasas teknologi serta pelabur antarabangsa.
  • Burn – Latihan kecergasan harian dan penyediaan makanan sihat oleh cef khas.
  • Earn – Ruang kerja bersama (co-working space) untuk tugasan jarak jauh.
  • Fun – Kalendar sosial komuniti yang fleksibel.

Gambar Perasmian Network School di Forest City, Johor pada tahun 2024

Isu Pematuhan dan Kontroversi

Isu Network School di Forest City mula tercetus apabila timbul kebimbangan mengenai dakwaan bahawa terdapat warga Israel atau individu yang mempunyai kaitan dengan Israel menyertai komuniti tersebut dengan menggunakan pasport atau kewarganegaraan kedua, kegiatan Zionisme, pengintipan dan cubaan mewujudkan komuniti yang boleh mengancam kedaulatan Malaysia. Turut dikaitkan adalah berkaitan dengan idea “Network State” yang berpotensi menimbulkan persoalan mengenai kedaulatan negara. Susulan itu, Kementerian Dalam Negeri (KDN), Jabatan Imigresen Malaysia (JIM) serta beberapa agensi keselamatan melaksanakan pemeriksaan dan siasatan bagi menilai aspek pematuhan undang-undang sedia ada negara. Pemeriksaan ke atas 267 warga asing mendapati kesemua pasport yang diperiksa adalah sah. Namun siasatan lanjut masih diteruskan oleh pihak berkuasa sehingga ke hari ini. Namun begitu, terdapat pelanggaran peraturan tempatan yang telah disahkan. Pemeriksaan pihak berkuasa tempatan Johor mendapati sebuah premis tidak mempunyai lesen perniagaan yang diperlukan, manakala sebuah lagi premis yang diluluskan sebagai pejabat dipercayai digunakan untuk aktiviti kelas dan promosi di luar kategori penggunaan yang dibenarkan. Turut dikenal pasti ialah ketidakpatuhan berkaitan papan tanda atau iklan.

Analisis Naratif Media Sosial

Analisis perbincangan di aplikasi X dan Threads terhadap 858 rekod yang dikumpulkan antara 10 hingga 14 Julai 2026, sebelum disaring kepada 209 hantaran relevan. Threads menghasilkan 82.8 peratus hantaran berkaitan dan kira-kira 96 peratus keseluruhan interaksi. Hantaran negatif membentuk 51.2 peratus kandungan tetapi menjana 73.4 peratus interaksi. Sepuluh hantaran paling popular menyumbang 67.6 peratus keseluruhan interaksi, manakala dua akaun sahaja menyumbang sekitar 32.2 peratus interaksi (sumber: Initiate MY). Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa kontroversi tersebut banyak dipengaruhi oleh sebilangan kecil akaun berpengaruh dan tidak semestinya menggambarkan pandangan majoriti rakyat Malaysia. Jumlah tanda suka, perkongsian dan komen juga tidak membuktikan bahawa pengguna bersetuju dengan sesuatu dakwaan kerana interaksi mungkin berpunca daripada sokongan, bantahan, kemarahan atau rasa ingin tahu. Oleh itu, kajian berkenaan lebih tepat menggambarkan penumpuan dan penguatan sesuatu naratif, bukannya konsensus nasional.  

Status Terkini

Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri (MBIP) membatalkan lesen perniagaan NS0 Malaysia Sdn Bhd (Network School) serta mengarahkan semua aktivitinya di Forest City dihentikan berkuat kuasa mulai 22 Julai 2026. Kerajaan Negeri Johor turut menyokong tindakan MBIP dan menegaskan bahawa keputusan tersebut dilaksanakan mengikut proses serta peruntukan undang-undang selepas aduan disahkan dan ketidakpatuhan dikenal pasti. Tindakan ini menunjukkan pendirian tegas pihak berkuasa dalam memastikan semua entiti perniagaan, termasuk organisasi antarabangsa, mematuhi syarat pelesenan, penggunaan premis dan undang-undang tempatan. MBIP turut memberi amaran bahawa tindakan pendakwaan boleh diambil sekiranya Network School meneruskan sebarang aktiviti yang bertentangan dengan arahan penutupan tersebut. 

Lapan Ahli Kongres Amerika Syarikat (AS) didapati telah menghantar surat bantahan kepada Setiausaha Negara AS, Marco Rubio, menyuarakan ketidakpuasan hati dan mengecam keras tindakan tegas Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, berhubung isu penglibatan warga Israel di dalam komuniti Network School yang beroperasi di Malaysia. Surat bantahan rasmi diketuai oleh Greg Landsman, Josh Gottheimer, Jimmy Panetta, Dan Goldman, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Jared Moskowitz, Brad Sherman dan Jake Auchincloss daripada parti Demokrat. Antara bantahan Ahli Kongres tersebut adalah seperti berikut:

a. Membantah pengusiran warga Israel semata-mata dan menyifatkan kenyataan Perdana Menteri cenderung bersifat anti-semitisme.

b. Mendesak AS menarik bantuan keselamatan termasuk membabitkan program Pendidikan dan Latihan Ketenteraan Antarabangsa (IMET) untuk membiayai tentera Malaysia bagi menerima latihan ketenteraan profesional di negara itu.

c. Mereka mendakwa Malaysia kononnya menjadi tempat latihan Hamas kerana mempunyai hubungan terbuka dengan kumpulan pejuang Palestin itu berdasarkan laporan sebuah institusi penyelidikan Israel. 

Surat bantahan rasmi yang dihantar kepada Marco Rubio

Implikasi Keselamatan Negara

Konsep komuniti global yang menghimpunkan ratusan warga asing daripada pelbagai negara mewujudkan cabaran baharu melibatkan risiko penyalahgunaan status komuniti antarabangsa. Antara risiko yang berpotensi untuk berlaku seperti kesukaran mengesahkan latar belakang sebenar setiap individu, penggunaan kewarganegaraan berganda atau dokumen perjalanan alternatif, potensi penyamaran identiti bagi mengelakkan sekatan perjalanan dan penyalahgunaan sistem kemudahan imigresen di Malaysia. Selain itu, isu berkaitan Network School wajar dinilai sebagai kes pematuhan pelbagai agensi, ketelusan organisasi dan risiko naratif, bukan sebagai ancaman keganasan atau pengintipan yang telah disahkan. Pihak berkuasa mempunyai asas munasabah untuk meneliti syarat visa, pemilikan syarikat, sumber kewangan, percukaian, aktiviti mata wang kripto, pengurusan data, keselamatan siber, penyimpanan data di luar negara serta hubungan peserta dengan organisasi asing.

Dari sudut ekstremisme dan radikalisme, risiko utama ialah peningkatan polarisasi, pelabelan berdasarkan kewarganegaraan atau identiti serta penggunaan bahasa bermusuhan. Terdapat beberapa hantaran mengandungi bahasa menghina, tuntutan pengusiran dan tuduhan pengintipan. Meskipun ia belum menjurus kepada keganasan terancang, naratif tersebut berpotensi membentuk persepsi mengenai “musuh bersama”, menggalakkan diskriminasi serta mencetuskan gangguan, ancaman atau penyebaran maklumat peribadi. Kritikan yang dilemparkan terhadap isu pelanggaran lesen dan tuntutan siasatan adalah sah, namun tuduhan terhadap keseluruhan komuniti tanpa bukti boleh menjejaskan keharmonian sosial dan mengalihkan sumber keselamatan daripada ancaman sebenar. Bukan itu sahaja, Network School diasaskan berdasarkan konsep “Network State“, iaitu idea membentuk komuniti global berasaskan rangkaian digital yang mempunyai autonomi sosial dan ekonomi. Walaupun konsep ini tidak menyalahi undang-undang secara automatik, naratif berkaitan autonomi komuniti dan tadbir urus alternatif boleh mencetuskan persoalan mengenai keserasian dengan kerangka perundangan serta kedaulatan negara sekiranya tidak dipantau dengan teliti.

Implikasi Ekonomi Negara

Kontroversi ini memberikan risiko reputasi kepada Forest City dan Malaysia sebagai destinasi teknologi serta pelaburan antarabangsa. Malaysia sedang membangunkan Forest City sebagai hab ekonomi digital dan pusat data serantau. Tindakan penguatkuasaan perlu dilaksanakan secara telus dan berasaskan undang-undang supaya keyakinan pelabur kekal terpelihara, tanpa menjejaskan kepentingan keselamatan negara. 

Pengasas Network School dilaporkan menangguhkan perancangan pelaburan lanjut sehingga mendapat kepastian mengenai persekitaran kawal selia. Walaupun tindakan ini tidak membuktikan kemerosotan keseluruhan iklim pelaburan Malaysia, ia menunjukkan bahawa ketidakselarasan tindakan dan komunikasi antara kerajaan persekutuan, kerajaan negeri dan pihak berkuasa tempatan boleh menimbulkan persepsi bahawa penguatkuasaan dipengaruhi tekanan media sosial 

Cadangan Tindakan

Bagi memastikan keseimbangan antara keperluan memelihara keselamatan negara dengan usaha menarik pelaburan berteknologi tinggi, beberapa langkah strategik wajar dipertimbangkan oleh kerajaan. Pendekatan yang diambil hendaklah bersifat proaktif, bersepadu dan berasaskan pengurusan risiko, selaras dengan perkembangan ancaman keselamatan bukan tradisional yang semakin kompleks.

Mekanisme perkongsian maklumat antara KDN, PDRM, Jabatan Imigresen Malaysia (JIM), Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (MCMC), CyberSecurity Malaysia, Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN) dan kerajaan negeri perlu diperkasakan bagi membolehkan pemantauan serta tindakan penguatkuasaan dilaksanakan dengan lebih berkesan. Pendekatan Whole-of-Government (WoG) akan meningkatkan keupayaan negara dalam mengenal pasti serta menangani sebarang risiko keselamatan sebelum ia berkembang menjadi ancaman yang lebih serius.

Aspek keselamatan siber perlu diperkasakan memandangkan komuniti seperti Network School melibatkan penggunaan teknologi strategik seperti kecerdasan buatan (AI), blockchain dan infrastruktur digital. Pemantauan keselamatan siber perlu dilaksanakan bagi mengesan sebarang cubaan pencerobohan, pengumpulan data tanpa kebenaran, aktiviti pengintipan siber atau ancaman terhadap sistem kritikal negara. 

Kesimpulan

Secara keseluruhannya, isu Network School di Forest City perlu dilihat sebagai kes melibatkan ketidakpatuhan undang-undang, kelemahan tadbir urus organisasi dan pengurusan persepsi awam, bukannya sebagai ancaman keselamatan yang telah disahkan. Tindakan MBIP membatalkan lesen dan menghentikan operasi adalah berasas kerana terdapat pelanggaran berkaitan lesen perniagaan, penggunaan premis dan papan tanda. Walau bagaimanapun, setakat maklumat yang tersedia, tiada bukti kukuh untuk mengklasifikasikan organisasi tersebut sebagai pusat pengintipan, pangkalan Zionis, organisasi keganasan atau ancaman terancang terhadap kedaulatan negara. 

Dari perspektif keselamatan negara, kewujudan komuniti teknologi antarabangsa yang menghimpunkan warga asing, pakar AI, blockchain dan aset digital tetap memerlukan penelitian secara menyeluruh. Risiko berkaitan identiti peserta, status imigresen, sumber kewangan, keselamatan siber, pengurusan data dan hubungan dengan entiti asing perlu dinilai berasaskan risikan serta bukti yang sah. Pada masa yang sama, penyebaran tuduhan tanpa pengesahan di media sosial boleh mencetuskan polarisasi, diskriminasi dan ketegangan masyarakat, sekali gus mengalihkan perhatian serta sumber keselamatan daripada ancaman sebenar. 

Sehubungan itu, kerajaan perlu mengamalkan pendekatan keterbukaan yang dikawal selia dengan menyeimbangkan kepentingan keselamatan negara dan usaha menarik pelaburan teknologi. Kerjasama bersepadu antara KDN, PDRM, JIM, MCMC, CyberSecurity Malaysia, MKN, kerajaan negeri dan pihak berkuasa tempatan perlu diperkukuh melalui pendekatan Whole-of-Government. Penguatkuasaan yang konsisten, saringan keselamatan berasaskan risiko serta komunikasi awam yang pantas dan tepat amat penting bagi memastikan isu pematuhan tidak berkembang menjadi krisis keselamatan, sosial dan reputasi negara

IMPLIKASI EKOSISTEM E-GAMING TERHADAP ANGGOTA ANGKATAN TENTERA MALAYSIA (ATM) DARI PERSPEKTIF ANCAMAN RADIKALISME, EKSTREMISME DAN KEGANASAN

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PENDAHULUAN

E-gaming  merujuk kepada permainan elektronik yang dimainkan melalui komputer, konsol atau peranti mudah alih, sama ada secara individu atau bersama pemain lain melalui internet. Dalam persekitaran semasa, permainan seperti Roblox, Minecraft, Fortnite, Player Unknown’s Battlegrounds (PUBG), Call of Duty, Counter-Strike dan GoreBox bukan sekadar menyediakan aktiviti permainan. Sesetengah permainan dalam talian ini membolehkan pengguna mencipta dunia maya, mengubah suai kandungan, membentuk kumpulan, berkomunikasi melalui teks atau suara serta memindahkan interaksi ke platform encypted messaging apps seperti Telegram, WhatsApp dan Discord. Roblox dan Minecraft mempunyai ciri yang perlu diberikan perhatian khusus. Kedua-duanya menyediakan ruang terbuka yang membolehkan pengguna membina dunia, watak, organisasi dan jalan cerita mereka sendiri. Ciri ini mempunyai nilai kreatif dan pendidikan, tetapi turut boleh disalahgunakan untuk membina semula kawasan konflik, menghasilkan simbol ekstremis, menjalankan lakonan peranan sebagai anggota organisasi pengganas atau menggambarkan keganasan sebenar dalam bentuk permainan. Hasil kajian Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) dari King’s College London mendapati bahawa ruang reka bentuk terbuka seperti Roblox dan Minecraft membolehkan pengguna membina pengalaman berunsur ideologi dari peringkat awal, termasuk penghasilan semula serangan keganasan atau gambaran sebuah pemerintahan ekstremis.

Ancaman ini perlu difahami sebagai sebahagian daripada ekosistem e-gaming, bukan melalui permainan tertentu sahaja. Proses pengaruh mungkin bermula melalui pertemuan biasa dalam permainan sebelum pemain dijemput menyertai kumpulan Telegram, WhatsApp atau Discord. Platform komunikasi tersebut kemudiannya boleh digunakan untuk perkongsian propaganda, pembentukan kumpulan tertutup, perbincangan ideologi, perekrutan dan mobilisasi. Normalisasi kandungan keganasan di ruang siber memudahkan pendedahan secara berterusan dalam permainan atas talian. Pembentukan komuniti ekstremis dalam talian dengan penyamaran (ekstremis) menggunakan aplikasi ciri sembang (chat), AI, chatbot dan komuniti (guild) disalahguna untuk merekrut dan menyebar luas ideologi keganasan. Bagi ATM, ancaman ini mempunyai implikasi yang lebih serius berbanding masyarakat awam kerana anggota tentera mempunyai latihan, disiplin, pengetahuan taktikal dan kemungkinan akses kepada senjata, instalasi, sistem komunikasi serta maklumat operasi. Individu ekstremis yang tidak mempunyai akses ketenteraan mungkin hanya memiliki niat, sedangkan anggota yang terpengaruh berpotensi mempunyai gabungan niat, kemampuan, akses dan peluang. Oleh itu, radikalisasi anggota melalui ekosistem e-gaming perlu dinilai sebagai isu keselamatan personel, keselamatan operasi dan ancaman dalaman.

Kajian Kes E-Gaming dan Ancaman Ekstremisme

Kajian Kes 1: Roblox dan Rangkaian Daesh di Malaysia, 2026

Pada Februari 2026, PDRM menahan enam lelaki tempatan berumur antara 16 hingga 21 tahun dalam operasi di Lembah Klang, Johor, Kedah dan Terengganu. Tiga daripada mereka merupakan individu bawah umur. Siasatan awal mendapati kumpulan tersebut didakwa telah melakukan bai’ah kepada kepimpinan Daesh, merekrut ahli baharu dan memiliki bahan propaganda berkaitan organisasi berkenaan. Pihak berkuasa turut mengesan perbincangan berkaitan serangan terhadap balai polis, bangunan kerajaan dan kemudahan awam. Rantaian radikalisasi dikatakan menggunakan Roblox bersama Discord, Telegram dan WhatsApp. Kumpulan tersebut juga mempunyai hubungan dengan kumpulan sembang pro-Daesh di negara jiran yang dilaporkan mempunyai kira-kira 1,000 anggota. Kes ini menunjukkan empat perkara penting. Pertama, permainan atas talian boleh menjadi titik pertemuan awal. Kedua, komunikasi kemudian dipindahkan ke platform tertutup. Ketiga, pemain muda boleh bergerak daripada penggunaan kandungan kepada perekrutan dan perancangan. Keempat, sasaran yang dibincangkan melibatkan institusi keselamatan dan kerajaan. Bagi ATM, kes ini relevan kerana pola serupa boleh digunakan untuk mendekati anggota muda, pelatih, keluarga anggota atau individu yang mempunyai akses kepada kem tentera. Ancaman paling kritikal bukan kandungan Roblox semata-mata, tetapi hubungan antara permainan, propaganda, kumpulan luar negara dan komunikasi terenkripsi.

Kajian Kes 2: Roblox dan GoreBox di Singapura, 2026

Pada Januari 2026, pihak berkuasa Singapura mengumumkan tindakan terhadap seorang remaja berusia 14 tahun yang meradikalisasikan dirinya melalui kandungan Islamic State. Remaja tersebut menggunakan Roblox dan GoreBox untuk menghasilkan semula serangan serta hukuman mati yang dilakukan oleh Islamic State. Beliau turut memainkan peranan sebagai pejuang kumpulan berkenaan dan menghasilkan video pro-ISIS daripada rakaman permainannya. Remaja itu mula terdedah kepada video pertempuran Islamic State ketika berusia 12 tahun. Selepas melakukan carian lanjut, algoritma media sosial membekalkan lebih banyak kandungan berkaitan. Beliau kemudian dilaporkan menghabiskan sehingga sembilan jam sehari menonton kandungan ekstremis, melakukan bai’ah pada Jun 2024 dan menggunakan akaun media sosial untuk menggalakkan sokongan terhadap Islamic State serta keganasan bersenjata. Kes ini menunjukkan bahawa simulasi dalam permainan boleh berfungsi sebagai alat pengukuhan identiti. Tindakan keganasan yang dibayangkan melalui propaganda kemudiannya dihasilkan semula dalam permainan, dirakam dan diedarkan kepada orang lain. Walaupun simulasi bukan latihan operasi sebenar, ia boleh membantu proses menormalisasikan kekerasan dan mengukuhkan gambaran diri sebagai seorang pejuang.

Kajian Kes 3: Roblox melibatkan Remaja Singapura, 2023

Pada tahun 2023, pihak berkuasa Singapura mendedahkan bahawa seorang remaja berusia 16 tahun telah menyertai beberapa pelayan Roblox bertemakan Islamic State. Dunia permainan tersebut menghasilkan semula kawasan konflik di Syria dan Marawi, Filipina. Remaja berkenaan menganggap dirinya sebahagian daripada kumpulan tersebut, melakukan bai’ah kepada pemimpin dalam permainan dan bertindak sebagai jurucakap serta propagandis kumpulan maya berkenaan. Remaja tersebut turut menghasilkan tiga video propaganda menggunakan rakaman Roblox, lagu atau nasyid Islamic State dan imej bendera organisasi itu. Sokongannya dalam permainan, termasuk menembak musuh maya, dikatakan menggambarkan keinginannya untuk menjadi anggota Islamic State dalam kehidupan sebenar. Kes ini memperlihatkan bagaimana proses radikalisasi boleh bergerak melalui tiga peringkat (Pendedahan Ideologi -> Penyertaan Dalam Komuniti Permainan -> Penghasilan Propaganda Sendiri). Individu tersebut bukan lagi penerima pasif, tetapi telah berubah menjadi pengeluar dan penyebar kandungan. Dalam konteks ATM, perubahan daripada pengguna kepada propagandis merupakan petunjuk bahawa proses radikalisasi telah berkembang kepada tahap lebih serius. 

Gambar e-gaming Roblox melibatkan Remaja Singapura pada tahun 2023

Kajian Kes 4: Minecraft sebagai Ruang Pembinaan Naratif Ideologi

Minecraft merupakan permainan dunia terbuka yang membolehkan pemain membina struktur, komuniti dan dunia maya. Fleksibiliti tersebut boleh digunakan secara positif untuk pendidikan dan kreativiti. Namun, ia juga membolehkan pengguna membina simbol ekstremis, lokasi peperangan, kem tahanan atau persekitaran politik tertentu. Analisis GNET meletakkan Minecraft sebagai salah satu ruang yang mempunyai kehadiran ekstremis, walaupun pada tahap lebih rendah berbanding Roblox, Discord atau Steam. Ruang reka bentuk terbuka membolehkan pengguna membina pengalaman ideologi dari peringkat awal tanpa hanya bergantung kepada kandungan asal permainan. Dalam konteks perang Rusia-Ukraine, Minecraft dan Roblox digunakan oleh sesetengah pihak untuk menghasilkan semula pertempuran, menggunakan simbol pro-Kremlin dan menyebarkan naratif yang membenarkan tindakan Rusia serta menyalahkan negara Barat. Kes tersebut lebih hampir kepada operasi pengaruh dan propaganda berbanding perekrutan pengganas secara langsung. Namun, ia menunjukkan bahawa permainan boleh menjadi ruang pembentukan persepsi geopolitik dalam kalangan pemain muda. Setakat sumber terbuka yang dikenal pasti bagi laporan ini, belum terdapat kes di Malaysia direkodkan antara 2020 hingga 2026 yang secara jelas mengaitkan Minecraft dengan tindakan keganasan. Oleh itu, Minecraft lebih tepat digunakan sebagai kajian kes risiko dan eksploitasi platform, bukan bukti bahawa permainan tersebut telah menghasilkan pengganas di Malaysia. 

Kajian Kes 5: Discord, Steam dan Platform berkaitan Permainan 

Discord pada asalnya digunakan untuk komunikasi pemain, tetapi kini menjadi platform komuniti bagi pelbagai minat. Ciri pelayan tertutup, sembang suara, perkongsian fail dan kawalan pentadbir membolehkan komuniti yang rapat dibentuk. Steam pula menggabungkan pengedaran permainan, profil pengguna, forum, kumpulan dan ruangan komen. Penyelidikan Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), 2024, mengenal pasti komuniti ekstrem kanan dan penyokong kumpulan ganas dalam ekosistem Discord dan Steam. Kajian turut menyimpulkan bahawa platform berkaitan permainan menyediakan infrastruktur organisasi penting bagi perekrutan, pembentukan komuniti dan aktivisme ekstremis. Implikasinya ialah pemantauan yang hanya menumpukan kepada kandungan dalam permainan tidak mencukupi. Seseorang mungkin bermain secara normal dalam Roblox, Minecraft atau Call of Duty, tetapi terlibat dalam perbincangan ekstremis melalui pelayan Discord yang dikendalikan secara berasingan. 

Kajian Kes 6: Simulasi Serangan Daesh Dalam Permainan Video

Seorang pemain online live action role-player mempunyai kecenderungan terhadap ideologi ekstremis dikesan menggunakan platform permainan video sandbox Garry’s Mod (GMod) untuk menghasilkan semula video simulasi pemenggalan kepala seorang warga Jepun, Kenji Goto Jogo, oleh kumpulan Daesh. Selain itu, individu berkenaan turut memuat naik kandungan yang memaparkan idealisasi serangan bersenjata api di Paris, Perancis. Individu terbabit memuat naik satu rakaman video berdurasi 39 saat bertajuk “Paris Raid”. Video berkenaan memaparkan simulasi grafik individu bersenjata yang melakukan serangan ke atas orang awam di kawasan jalan raya, lengkap dengan suntingan seni kaligrafi Arab perkataan “Paris” yang menyerupai reka bentuk grafik rasmi cetakan Daesh. Insiden ini menunjukkan trend pembentukan self-radicalised dalam kalangan generasi muda yang mengeksploitasi platform permainan video digital yang mempunyai elemen sandbox untuk menterjemahkan fantasi keganasan mereka. Penggunaan audio asal daripada arkib propaganda lama Daesh yang digabungkan dengan visual permainan moden membuktikan bahawa bahan propaganda terdahulu masih mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat kepada sympathiser (penyokong) dalam talian. Meskipun bertindak sebagai lone wolf dalam ruang siber melalui aktiviti simulasi, tindakan sedemikian berpotensi mencetuskan ancaman keselamatan yang nyata jika pelaku beralih dari fasa simulasi kepada tindakan fizikal ditambah dengan naratif dan propaganda oleh kumpulan ekstremis. 

Implikasi Ekosistem E-Gaming Terhadap Anggota ATM

Pembentukan Ancaman Dalaman – Anggota ATM yang menerima ideologi ekstrem boleh menggunakan kedudukannya untuk membantu pihak luar. Bantuan tersebut mungkin melibatkan penyampaian maklumat, pengesahan sasaran, pemerhatian terhadap instalasi, penyediaan akses, penyeludupan bahan atau serangan secara langsung. Seorang anggota mungkin tidak menunjukkan perubahan luaran yang ketara, tetapi penglibatan aktif dalam kumpulan permainan tertutup boleh membentuk kesetiaan alternatif yang bertentangan dengan sumpah dan tanggungjawab ketenteraan.

Kebocoran Keselamatan Operasi – Perbualan santai ketika bermain boleh menyebabkan anggota mendedahkan lokasi penugasan, tempoh operasi, struktur unit, rutin kem, kekuatan anggota, jenis aset atau identiti pegawai. Maklumat yang kelihatan kecil boleh digabungkan dengan gambar media sosial, metadata dan sumber terbuka untuk menghasilkan gambaran operasi. Pihak ekstremis atau perisikan asing juga boleh menggunakan permainan sebagai ruang kejuruteraan sosial kerana komunikasi berlaku dalam suasana santai dan tidak formal.

Penyalahgunaan Pengetahuan Ketenteraan – Anggota ATM mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai senjata, medan, kawalan keselamatan dan prosedur operasi. Sekiranya terpengaruh, pengetahuan tersebut boleh digunakan untuk memilih sasaran, mengelakkan pengesanan atau memberikan nasihat kepada individu luar. Permainan peperangan mungkin turut menyediakan bahasa dan minat bersama yang memudahkan perekrut mendekati anggota tanpa menimbulkan syak pada peringkat awal.

Kemerosotan Prestasi Kerja – Naratif ekstremis yang berasaskan agama, kaum, politik atau kebencian terhadap kerajaan boleh menjejaskan kesatuan organisasi. ATM bergantung kepada kepercayaan, disiplin dan kerjasama merentasi latar belakang. Pemikiran takfiri, perkauman melampau atau penolakan terhadap pemerintahan yang sah boleh merosakkan hubungan antara anggota dan menjejaskan keberkesanan organisasi. Penggunaan permainan secara berlebihan boleh menjejaskan tidur, kecergasan, tumpuan dan prestasi kerja. Walaupun isu ini berbeza daripada ekstremisme, keadaan fizikal dan psikologi yang lemah boleh meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap manipulasi serta mengurangkan keupayaan membuat pertimbangan rasional.

Risiko terhadap Instalasi dan Aset – Sejarah pencerobohan Kumpulan Al-Maunah terhadap kem tentera pada tahun 2000 contoh terbaik terhadap risiko instalasi dan aset kem tentera. Dalam konteks ATM, kem, depot senjata, pusat komunikasi, pangkalan udara, jeti, pusat latihan dan kediaman pegawai juga boleh dianggap sebagai sasaran bernilai tinggi. Anggota yang mempunyai pengetahuan dalaman berpotensi membantu pihak luar mengenal pasti kelemahan kawalan keselamatan, waktu pertukaran pengawal atau lokasi penting.

Risiko terhadap Keluarga Anggota – Anak dan ahli keluarga anggota juga boleh terdedah kepada Roblox, Minecraft, Discord dan permainan lain. Perekrut mungkin mengeksploitasi hubungan keluarga untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengenai lokasi bertugas, jadual latihan atau identiti anggota. Oleh itu, keselamatan digital keluarga perlu dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada keselamatan personel ATM.

Imej dan Kepercayaan Awam – Penglibatan walaupun seorang anggota dalam kumpulan ekstremis boleh merosakkan imej ATM sebagai institusi profesional, berdisiplin dan berkecuali. Insiden sedemikian boleh digunakan sebagai propaganda bagi menggambarkan kelemahan keselamatan atau perpecahan dalam pasukan pertahanan.

Ulasan

Kajian kes menunjukkan bahawa permainan e-gaming tidak bertindak sendirian. Roblox, Minecraft atau GoreBox menyediakan ruang visual dan interaktif, manakala Discord, Telegram dan WhatsApp membolehkan hubungan ideologi diperkukuh. Media sosial membekalkan propaganda, sementara kumpulan tertutup membentuk kesetiaan dan memberikan arahan. Roblox mempunyai risiko yang lebih nyata kerana menggabungkan kandungan ciptaan pengguna, kumpulan, interaksi sosial dan pemain baru. Minecraft pula lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menerangkan risiko pembinaan dunia ideologi, simbol dan propaganda. GoreBox menyediakan ruang simulasi keganasan yang lebih grafik. Permainan peperangan seperti Call of Duty, PUBG dan Counter-Strike pula boleh dieksploitasi melalui komuniti, modifikasi, rakaman permainan dan platform komunikasi yang mengelilinginya.

Namun demikian, hubungan antara permainan dengan keganasan tidak boleh disederhanakan. Berjuta-juta individu bermain permainan peperangan tanpa menjadi ekstremis. Faktor penentu ialah gabungan kerentanan peribadi, ideologi, jaringan sosial, penerimaan terhadap keganasan, kemampuan dan akses. Oleh itu, penggunaan permainan atau minat terhadap senjata tidak boleh dijadikan asas tunggal untuk melabel seseorang anggota sebagai berisiko. ATM juga perlu mengelakkan pendekatan pengawasan menyeluruh yang boleh merosakkan kepercayaan anggota. Tindakan keselamatan hendaklah berdasarkan tingkah laku berisiko seperti menyokong kumpulan pengganas, menghasilkan propaganda, cuba merekrut anggota lain, mendedahkan maklumat operasi, membincangkan sasaran atau menunjukkan niat melakukan keganasan. 

Cadangan

Dasar Keselamatan E-Gaming ATM – ATM perlu membangunkan garis panduan penggunaan e-gaming  dan platform berkaitan permainan. Dasar tersebut perlu meliputi keselamatan identiti, pendedahan maklumat operasi, komunikasi dengan individu tidak dikenali, penyertaan dalam kumpulan tertutup dan prosedur melaporkan kandungan ekstremis. Larangan menyeluruh tidak digalakkan kerana sukar dikuatkuasakan dan boleh mendorong aktiviti dilakukan secara tersembunyi.

Pendidikan Ketahanan Digital – Modul kesedaran keselamatan ATM perlu memasukkan kajian kes Roblox Malaysia 2026, Roblox Singapura 2023, Roblox-GoreBox 2026 serta penggunaan Minecraft dalam propaganda geopolitik. Anggota perlu memahami bahawa perekrut mungkin bermula sebagai rakan permainan, menawarkan bantuan, hadiah atau status sebelum memperkenalkan naratif ideologi.

Pengesanan Awal Berasaskan Tingkah Laku – Petunjuk risiko hendaklah merangkumi:

a. Sokongan kepada organisasi pengganas.

b. Penghasilan atau penyebaran propaganda.

c. Percubaan merekrut anggota lain.

d. Bai’ah kepada kumpulan ekstremis.

e. Perbincangan mengenai Kumpulan ekstremis atau pengganas.

f. Pengumpulan bahan atau dana.

g. Kebocoran maklumat operasi dan gabungan niat keganasan dengan akses kepada senjata.

Sokongan Psikososial – Anggota yang mengalami tekanan, pengasingan, masalah kewangan atau konflik keluarga perlu diberikan saluran bantuan yang mudah dan sulit. Intervensi awal dapat mengurangkan kebergantungan terhadap komuniti maya yang mungkin mengeksploitasi kelemahan individu.

Kesedaran kepada Keluarga ATM – Program kesedaran perlu diperluas kepada pasangan dan keluarga anggota, khususnya berkaitan Roblox, Minecraft, Discord dan Telegram. Keluarga perlu mengetahui perubahan tingkah laku yang ketara, penggunaan simbol ekstremis, penyertaan dalam kumpulan rahsia atau penghasilan kandungan yang mengagungkan keganasan.

Kerjasama antara Agensi – ATM perlu memperkukuh kerjasama dengan PDRM, MCMC, CyberSecurity Malaysia, agensi perisikan, institusi pendidikan dan penyedia platform. Kes yang direkodkan di Malaysia pada tahun 2026 menunjukkan keperluan penyelarasan antara pihak keselamatan, pengawal selia komunikasi dan penyedia aplikasi bagi mendapatkan maklumat serta menangani akaun berisiko.
 

Kesimpulan

E-gaming bukan punca langsung radikalisme, ekstremisme atau keganasan. Roblox, Minecraft dan permainan lain merupakan platform hiburan dan interaksi sosial yang digunakan secara positif oleh majoriti pemain. Namun, ciri komunikasi, kandungan ciptaan pengguna dan pembentukan komuniti boleh dieksploitasi oleh pihak ekstremis. Kes yang direkodkan di Malaysia pada tahun 2026 merupakan bukti paling jelas bahawa Roblox bersama Discord, Telegram dan WhatsApp boleh menjadi sebahagian daripada rantaian radikalisasi, perekrutan dan perancangan keganasan. Kajian kes Singapura pula menunjukkan bagaimana pemain boleh bergerak daripada pengguna propaganda kepada anggota kumpulan maya, penghasil kandungan dan penyokong keganasan sebenar. Minecraft menunjukkan bagaimana dunia maya boleh digunakan untuk pembinaan simbol, propaganda dan naratif geopolitik, walaupun bukti langsung melibatkan keganasan di Malaysia masih terhad.

Bagi ATM, ancaman ini perlu diberikan perhatian kerana anggota mempunyai kemahiran, akses dan pengetahuan yang boleh meningkatkan kesan sesuatu insiden. Risiko utama merangkumi pembentukan ancaman dalaman, kebocoran keselamatan operasi, manipulasi anggota, penyalahgunaan pengetahuan ketenteraan serta ancaman terhadap aset dan instalasi strategik. Pendekatan terbaik bukan mengharamkan permainan, tetapi membina ketahanan digital, memperkukuh keselamatan operasi, meningkatkan sokongan psikososial dan mengesan perubahan tingkah laku yang benar-benar berkaitan dengan keganasan. Melalui pendekatan yang seimbang, berasaskan bukti dan tidak menghukum keseluruhan komuniti pemain, ATM dapat mengurangkan risiko ekstremisme digital tanpa menafikan manfaat sosial, rekreasi dan latihan yang terdapat dalam teknologi permainan

Terrorism Watch Fourth Quarter 2025

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The fourth quarter of Terrorism Watch 2025 explores the most recent events and developments pertaining to terror-related incidents in Southeast Asia and significant incidents worldwide from October to December 2025.

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Nigeria continue to face persistent terrorist threats due to unresolved internal conflicts. At the same time, extremist sentiments and ideologies of hatred are continuously manipulated by supporters and sympathisers of terrorist groups to gain support and expand their influence within society. The prolonged internal conflict in Syria has created opportunities for Daesh to exploit political and security instability to re-establish and strengthen their position. Consequently, Syria, along with Nigeria, has embraced a strategic approach by obtaining military assistance from foreign countries such as the United States. Nonetheless, this action has the potential to be exploited by terrorist groups aiming to construct unfavorable narratives by questioning the involvement of foreign powers and misrepresenting such assistance as a form of colonialism. Such narratives risk fueling the spread of extremist ideologies and encouraging the rise of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and lone wolf actors on a global and regional scale.

At the regional level, the threat of terrorism in Southeast Asia remains a serious concern. In Indonesia, the mosque bombings incidents that occurred cannot be definitively associated with any terrorist group. The phenomenon of self-radicalisation, which exists and occurs silently, is fueled by society’s engagement with limitless social media beginning to rise. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, terrorist acts continue to be focused on the Mindanao region, however the threat level seems to be diminishing because of ongoing pressure from security forces.  

In Malaysia, the national threat level remains at a moderate stage, indicating the possibility of an attack but with no specific or confirmed threat identified. Although the risk of physical attacks remains low, the spread of online radicalisation and the dissemination of extremist narratives in public spaces continue to be key areas of concern. Moreover, the publication of newspaper reports regarding the sentencing of a welder involved in financing terrorism around 10 years ago is considered significant in serving as a reminder and lesson to the community, deterring participation in any terrorism-related activities.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout various countries, the fourth quarter of 2025 has been characterised by significant developments, with terrorist and militant groups sustaining their activities in conflict areas to consolidate and strengthen their influence.

The following are the highlights of recent terrorism-related occurrences around the world:

a.  Pakistan.

(1) On 20 Oct 25, five (5) security personnel from Pakistan and eight (8) militants were killed, while 10 others sustained injuries in an ambush on the outskirts of Dera Ismail Khan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The clash took place when a heavily armed militant group attacked the security personnel assigned to protect the main gas pipeline project in the area. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack so far; however, the modus operandi used suggests the involvement of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).

(2) On 11 Nov 25, Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) executed a suicide bombing that killed at least 12 people and injured 27 others in the Islamabad District Court area, Pakistan. The incident began when a suicide bomber reportedly attempted to access the court premises but detonated himself at the main entrance after being unable to bypass security. The intense blast occurred near a police vehicle, causing significant destruction and casualties at the scene.

(3) These attacks and clashes underscore the persistent threat posed by the TTP terrorist group to government facilities and national security, especially in prominent locations like Pakistan’s capital and specific hotspot regions. This incident signifies a resurgence of TTP activities, which are now regarded as more daring in focusing on significant urban and strategic locations, potentially paving the way for large-scale attacks. This may be occurring because of the persistent tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan, which weaken regional stability, especially regarding South Asian security. Pakistan’s security forces are expected to enhance security cooperation and intelligence-sharing with international partners, particularly neighbouring countries and strategic allies. In addition, Pakistan’s security forces are expected to military and intelligence efforts in the northwestern regions of the country and adjacent to the Pakistan–Afghanistan border to track down terrorist networks and disrupt their logistical support. Furthermore, actions to enhance security measures in major city areas are anticipated to be carried out, particularly at government buildings and judicial premises that are highly vulnerable to potential terrorist attacks. 

b. Somalia.

(1)       On 6 Nov 25, Daesh executed an ambush against members of the Puntland Defence Force (PDF) near the Shankali well in the Baallade Valley, Bari region. The attack resulted in the deaths of 10 PDF members and left 20 others injured, while Daesh captured several weapons belonging to the PDF.

(2)       On 26 Nov 25, Somali security forces conducted a military operation that successfully eliminated a high-ranking leader of the terrorist group Al-Shabaab in the Cumar Beere area of Lower Shabelle, Somalia. The leader, identified as Hassan Sidow Hussein, was a key figure within Al-Shabaab’s operational structure and served as the head of operations for the Middle Shabelle, Hiran and Galgaduud regions. He was recognised as a key planner in organising the group’s activities and was deeply engaged in improvised explosive device (IED) operations.

(3)      The continued Daesh attacks against PDF personnel over the last month have been identified through a series of reported incidents. It indicating that Daesh is likely to persist in carrying out similar isolated attacks to disrupt PDF operations in selected regions for a certain period. Somalia continues to face a significant threat from Al-Shabaab, which remains active in carrying out attacks and terrorist activities across various regions of the country. These latest advancements indicate that the terrorist organisation retains operational abilities that can endanger national security. Nonetheless, the achievement of the military operation by Somali security forces in removing this crucial Al-Shabaab individual is predicted to influence the terrorist organisation tactically, especially regarding operational coordination and IED operations. His absence could diminish the internal cohesion of the terrorist organization in the short term, though Al-Shabaab is likely to try to address the void swiftly. Consequently, Somali security forces are believed to continue intensifying security operations as a proactive measure to protect civilians and disrupt the terrorist network’s support structures and infrastructure in the country.  

c. Syria.

(1)        On 9 Nov 25, Syrian security forces initiated a significant military operation targeting Daesh cells across Syria. 61 raids were executed, leading to the apprehension of 71 suspected terrorists and the confiscation of weapons and explosives. This pre-emptive operation was carried out ahead of Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa’s visit to Washington for a meeting with U.S. President Donald Trump, during which Syria’s participation in the U.S.-led international coalition against Daesh was to be discussed.

(2)        This extensive military operation carried out by the Syrian government clearly demonstrates the new leadership’s dedication to reinforcing stability and restoring the national security structure. This pre-emptive action also demonstrates that the Syrian government is striving to assert full control over its territory, while simultaneously rebuilding international confidence in its capability to combat terrorism. Nevertheless, this event highlights that Daesh factions remain active and could pose a risk to the stability of the new administration after the collapse of the Bashar al-Assad regime. The meeting between the Syrian President and the U.S. President, seen as a strategic diplomatic move which anticipated to bolster the political position of the new administration globally and create opportunities for international cooperation in the persistent terrorism challenge within the nation.    

d. Nigeria.

(1)        On 25 Dec 25, U.S. launched an airstrike against terrorists linked to the Daesh group in Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria. Further details regarding casualties and damage were not disclosed. U.S. stated that the strike was carried out based on intelligence and with approval from the Nigerian government.

(2)      These recent developments in Nigeria demonstrate the ongoing commitment of Nigerian security forces, alongside international partners, in combating terrorism within the nation. Nigerian security forces are expected to maintain sustained pressure on terrorist groups in the country, ensuring that the influence of these groups is gradually weakened. However, this approach is also expected to have a negative impact, as the involvement of foreign military forces could be misinterpreted as a form of colonialism by those who oppose the government’s authorisation of the attacks. This situation, in turn, creates a chance for terrorist groups to keep promoting ideologies and narratives.

TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

INDONESIA

On 7 Nov 25, approximately 50 individuals sustained injuries in an explosion that took place at a mosque located in Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri (SMAN) 72 Perumahan Tentera Laut Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, Indonesia. Indonesian security forces have identified a 17-year-old student as the main suspect in the incident. Explosive materials and replicas weapon bearing inscriptions related to extremist elements were discovered at the location of the incident.

This explosion event is the first instance in Indonesia that involves an educational institution. The country had been largely free from such explosion incidents in recent years—the last being the blast at Astana Anyar Police Station. The explosion, which occurred while worshippers were performing Friday prayers, indicates an intent to cause maximum chaos, although the true motive behind the incident has yet to be determined. Initial signs indicate that the main reason behind this event could be the potential impact of radical ideologies on the individual involved. The finding of replicas weapon with markings associated with extremist groups suggests that the suspect might have encountered extremist ideology via social media or online platforms. This trend corresponds with instances of self-radicalisation, which are becoming more common among youth.

This situation illustrates that extremist and radical narratives have the potential to penetrate student communities via virtual platforms, consequently threatening national and regional security. Indonesia taking this incident seriously and expected to tighten security measures, prevent radicalisation, and implement psychological recovery programs for affected communities, particularly among youth.

THE PHILIPPINES

On 8 Dec 25, a top leader of the Dawlah Islamiyah–Hassan Group (DI-HG), who served as the group’s bomb expert, was neutralized during a security operation conducted in Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the commander of the 601st Infantry Brigade, the suspect was identified as Ustad Mohammad Usman Solaiman, who served as the “Amir” of DI-HG.

The success of Philippine security forces in eliminating a high-profile figure from the DI-HG group represents a significant development in Mindanao’s security landscape. This operation is not merely a tactical success but also carries broader strategic implications for counter-terrorism operations in the region. Solaiman’s death is regarded as a major blow to the DI-HG structure. He was not only regarded as the “Amir” but also as someone with expertise in explosive manufacturing. His death will directly weaken the group’s ability to plan and carry out high-impact attacks in future. This subsequently diminishes the danger to civilians and essential infrastructure within the country.

In addition, the achievement of this operation stemmed from effective collaboration between the local community and law enforcement. Intelligence and information shared by residents assisted security forces locate Solaiman’s hideout. This effort, in turn, enhances public trust in the security forces’ counter-terrorism initiatives. While this achievement is noteworthy, it does not indicate the absolute end of the DI-HG threat. Philippine security forces must seriously consider the presence of sleeper cells that can adapt following the loss of a leader. Philippines is expected to continue strengthening counter-terrorism strategies and programs to ensure that there is no space for the resurgence of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism within the country and the region.

MALAYSIA

On 16 Dec 25, a contract welder was sentenced to three years in prison by the High Court in Kuala Lumpur. Mohd Zairul Mahmud, 40, was charged with indirectly handling the assets of a Daesh terrorist by allowing deposits of RM10,000 and withdrawals of RM6,000 from his bank account for the benefit of a Daesh terrorist ten years ago. The offense took place at a bank in Bandar Seri Alam, Masai, Johor Bahru, between 25 February 2015 and 8 May 2015. He was charged under Section 130Q(1) of the Penal Code, which provides for a maximum prison sentence of 20 years or a fine. 

CONCLUSION

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Nigeria still encounter terrorist due to ongoing internal unrest. At the same time, extremist sentiments and hate-based ideologies continue to be exploited by supporters and sympathisers of terrorist groups to garner public backing and expand their influence within society. The ongoing internal conflict in Syria continues to create opportunities for Daesh to exploit political and security instability in order to re-strengthen its position. As a result, Syria, along with Nigeria, has been seen to adopt a strategic approach by involving military assistance from foreign countries such as the United States. Nonetheless, this move might enable terrorist groups to exploit the circumstances by manipulating it. This situation raises the potential for a resurgence of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and lone-wolf actors at both the global and regional levels.

The terrorism threat level in Malaysia remains at a moderate level, indicating the possibility of an attack, though no specific threat has been identified. Although the risk of physical threats is still assessed as low, the spread of online radicalisation and the dissemination of extremist ideologies in public spaces must remain under diligent surveillance and consistently restrained. In addition, the release of news articles regarding the sentence imposed to a welder linked to financing terrorism nearly a decade ago is perceived as a warning and lesson for society to avoid in any form of terrorism-related activities.

Overall, the threat of terrorism at the global and regional levels is expected to persist and continue to pose concerns for countries worldwide. The widespread use of social media in daily life has become a key enabler of extremist propaganda dissemination, increasing the likelihood of lone-wolf actors and making it more difficult for authorities to detect and prevent threats at an early stage. Therefore, enhanced regional cooperation and intelligence sharing among nations remain crucial to ensure that any form of local threat or movement involving Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) can be identified and addressed in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.

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Terrorism Watch Third Quarter 2025

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The third quarter of Terrorism Watch 2025 explores the most recent events and developments pertaining to terror-related incidents in Southeast Asia and significant incidents worldwide from July to September 2025.

Several countries including Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria has continued to face ongoing terrorist threats from domestic instability and extremist movements. Groups such as Al-Shabaab and Daesh-linked factions remained active, launching attacks against civilians, security personnel and places of worship. The spread of online propaganda and hate messages has further driven radicalization, allowing extremist networks to sustain their influence. At the same time, persistent conflicts in Syria and parts of Africa have created conditions conducive to the revival of militant activity and the potential reappearance of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and lone-wolf actors on a global scale.

At the regional level, the threat of terrorism in Southeast Asia remains a serious concern. Extremist groups in the region continue to demonstrate active and adaptive operations, with a growing tendency to exploit technological advancements, particularly social media platforms, as key channels for communication, recruitment and the dissemination of radical ideologies that are difficult to detect.  

In Malaysia, the national threat level remains at a moderate stage, indicating the possibility of an attack but with no specific or confirmed threat identified. Nevertheless, concerns persist over potential actions by individuals influenced by extremist ideologies (lone-wolf actors) who may attempt to exploit the ongoing ASEAN Summit 2025 in Malaysia to attract attention or promote certain ideologies. Although the risk of physical attacks remains low, the spread of online radicalisation and the dissemination of extremist narratives in public spaces continue to be key areas of concern.

In summary, the third quarter of 2025 has seen an escalation in terrorist threats at both global and regional levels. The increasing reliance on advanced technology by terrorist organisations highlights the urgency for a unified and strategic response. Regional countries must take proactive and coordinated measures to address this evolving security challenge.

INTRODUCTION

Across several nations, the third quarter of 2025 has been characterised by notable developments, with terrorist and militant groups sustaining their activities in conflict areas to consolidate and strengthen their influence.

The following are the highlights of recent terrorism-related occurrences around the world:

a.  Pakistan.

(1) On 13 Jul 25, the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) launched a drone attack on the Miryan Police Station in Bannu District. This incident marked the fifth attack targeting the same police station within a month. However, the assault did not result in any casualties or structural damage. Security forces subsequently conducted a comprehensive search operation and reinforced security measures throughout the Bannu District.

(2) On 29 Sep 25, a senior leader of the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) was killed in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan. The individual, identified as Muhammad Ihsani @ Anwaar, was reportedly a key figure in ISKP’s terrorist operations, including organising training and coordinating the movement of suicide bombers into Pakistan. He also served as a facilitator in the major 2022 attack at Kocha Risaldar, Peshawar, Pakistan, which claimed 67 lives.

(3) The drone attack carried out by TTP highlights the group’s growing threat and enhanced capability to operate using advanced quadcopter technology, raising concerns over Pakistan’s security, particularly the safety of military installations. Although Pakistani security forces were unable to intercept the attack, the tightening of security measures in Bannu is expected to temporarily mitigate the threat. At the same time, Pakistan continues to face cross-border terrorism following the Taliban’s takeover in Afghanistan, with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan remaining key hotspots. The death of the ISKP leader in Mazar-i-Sharif is anticipated to weaken the group’s operational capacity while providing an opportunity for the Pakistani government to strengthen security operations and intelligence cooperation in addressing the increasingly complex threat landscape. 

b. Somalia.

(1)        15 Jul 2025, the Al-Shabaab terrorist group carried out a suicide car bombing targeting a convoy of Ugandan peacekeepers near the towns of Sabid and Anole in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia. The deadly attack claimed the lives of 20 Ugandan peacekeepers serving under the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM), while more than 43 others were injured. The incident also resulted in the deaths of nine Somali security personnel and injuries to eight others, with at least three armored vehicles destroyed in the explosion. This marked the second deadly bombing in recent weeks targeting Ugandan forces operating in the area.

(2)        On 5 Aug 25, at least 70 Al-Shabaab militants were killed in a military operation conducted by Somali security forces with support from the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) in the Lower Shabelle region. During the operation, Al-Shabaab attempted to launch a suicide bombing using two explosive-laden vehicles. However, Somali forces responded swiftly and successfully foiled the attack. The incident resulted in the deaths of two security personnel, while 12 others were injured.

(3)      Terrorist incidents in Somalia have continued to rise despite ongoing government-led operations. Al-Shabaab remains active, maintaining its modus operandi of suicide bombings across volatile regions. The group’s attacks on security forces are believed to be retaliatory, following recent territorial gains by Somali and Ugandan forces with AUSSOM’s support. Nevertheless, the successful military operation that eliminated a large number of Al-Shabaab militants marks a significant achievement for Somali forces in curbing the group’s expanding influence. In response to renewed Al-Shabaab advances in several towns, the Somali government has intensified counter-terrorism operations, particularly in the group’s strongholds. Current efforts are focused on strengthening security control in high-risk areas and restoring government presence in affected locations, a move expected to weaken Al-Shabaab’s operational network and disrupt future large-scale attacks.  

c. Syria.

(1)        On 1 Sep 25, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) successfully arrested Ahmed Mahmoud @ Abu Mansour, a senior Daesh leader, in the city of Raqqa, Syria. He is believed to have been involved in attacks against security forces and in orchestrating a series of bombings targeting civilians, aimed at instilling fear and destabilising the region.

(2)        Since losing its main territories in Syria in 2019, Daesh has shifted to guerrilla tactics and sleeper-cell operations, particularly in rural areas, carrying out a series of small-scale attacks. Amid the ongoing political instability and internal conflict in the newly formed Syrian administration, Daesh has sought to rebuild its networks by reviving its ideological influence. However, the recent arrest of a senior Daesh leader by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) represents a major setback to the group’s operational capacity. Although Daesh continues to pose a potential threat to Syria’s security and stability, this success demonstrates the effectiveness of the SDF and international coalition in curbing the group’s resurgence in the country.    

d. Congo.

(1)        On 27 Jul 25, more than 40 Christian worshippers were killed in a deadly attack on a church in the town of Komanda, Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The attack was believed to have been orchestrated by the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a terrorist group affiliated with Daesh (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL). Daesh later claimed responsibility for the incident through its official Telegram channel. The United Nations Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) reported that at least 43 people were killed, including 19 women and nine children. The DRC government described the attack as a large-scale massacre carried out in retaliation for recent security operations targeting the ADF.

(2)      Recent developments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) indicate a worsening terrorism threat, particularly in the eastern regions such as Ituri. This situation stems from the increasing frequency of attacks carried out by the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a group affiliated with Daesh. Established in Uganda in the late 1990s, the ADF relocated its operations to the DRC in 2002 and pledged allegiance to Daesh in 2019. Since then, the group has continued to conduct terrorist attacks across eastern Congo. Its deliberate targeting of places of worship and civilians has not only resulted in significant loss of life but also strengthened its foothold in areas with weak security control. This ongoing instability poses a major challenge to recovery and peacebuilding efforts in the region.

e. Nigeria.

(1)        On 23 Aug 25, Nigerian security forces conducted Operation Hadin Kai, resulting in the deaths of nine Boko Haram militants, including two senior leaders, in Borno State. The leaders, identified as Abu Nazir from Juye and Abu Fatima from Koloram, were killed during intense clashes in Wulgo, Borno State. During the operation, security forces also seized several AK-47 rifles, ammunition, and six motorcycles belonging to the militants.

(2)        The recent development in Nigeria reflects the continued commitment of Nigerian security forces, together with international partners, in combating terrorism within the country. This incident serves as an indicator that Nigeria remains under serious threat from Boko Haram. The success of the latest operation also demonstrates the effectiveness of Nigeria’s offensive approach in weakening Boko Haram’s influence in Borno, thereby disrupting the group’s leadership structure. However, the threat posed by Boko Haram remains significant, as the group continues to carry out attacks in various strategic locations. Nigerian forces are expected to maintain sustained pressure to gradually erode the group’s operational and ideological influence. 

TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

INDONESIA

On 5 Aug 25, Indonesia’s Special Detachment 88 (Densus 88) arrested two individuals, one of whom was a civil servant in Banda Aceh. Both were detained on suspicion of involvement in terrorism-related activities. The suspects were identified only by their initials which are M (40), a civil servant with the Aceh Ministry of Religious Affairs, and ZA (47).

On 5 Sep 25, two Facebook users which identified as “Muhammad Arsy” and “Jhon Pelor”, suspected of supporting Daesh and believed to be based in Indonesia, were observed posting anti-government propaganda and incitements to lone-wolf violence. “Muhammad Arsy” had been active since 26 August 2025 and maintained 913 friends, while “Jhon Pelor” had been active since May 2025 with 3,800 friends. Their posts contained threats against Indonesian security forces (including Densus 88), calls to burn Indonesian posters, and exhortations to “attack” cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Bogor, Bekasi, Solo, Surabaya, and Medan by recommending the use of Molotov cocktails, knives, and firearms.

The current situation in Indonesia demonstrates that online propaganda and lone-wolf incitement spread through social media platforms such as Facebook have become a serious threat to national security and stability. Such propaganda not only promotes anti-government sentiment but also contains violent elements, including calls to attack major cities using weapons such as Molotov cocktails, knives, and firearms. Daesh supporters are increasingly exploiting digital platforms to spread radical ideologies that encourage individuals to commit acts of terrorism independently, without the need for organised groups by making detection and prevention far more difficult for authorities.

THE PHILIPPINES

On 4 Sep 25, eight former members of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) surrendered to the military in Barangay Kabengi, Maguindanao del Sur. Three of them were identified as experts in the assembly of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) that could be detonated remotely using mobile phones. Major General Donald Gumiran, Commander of the 6th Infantry Division, stated that the group turned over their weapons and homemade explosives to the 90th Infantry Battalion before signing a symbolic pledge of renunciation against BIFF at the battalion headquarters, witnessed by Brigadier General Edgar Catu, as well as representatives from the local government and the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).

On 29 Sep 25, a member of the Dawlah Islamiyah – Hassan Group (DI-HG) was killed during a series of security operations conducted by Philippine forces in Maguindanao del Sur. The suspect reportedly opened fire on the security personnel during an arrest operation, injuring one officer in the exchange. The deceased was identified as Moner Usman. Authorities also seized a homemade Uzi submachine gun, several rounds of ammunition, and a quantity of suspected methamphetamine.

The surrender of eight former members of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) in Maguindanao del Sur reflects the continued effectiveness of the reconciliation program and local negotiations led by the Philippine military, in collaboration with the BARMM government and Moro community leaders. The inclusion of individuals skilled in bomb-making among those who surrendered indicates a significant weakening of BIFF’s operational network, thereby reducing the threat of bomb attacks in Central Mindanao. The main factors driving these surrenders appear to be assurances of safety, economic assistance, and the positive examples set by former members who have successfully reintegrated into society. This development demonstrates that a comprehensive approach combining military action and socio-economic development can effectively accelerate the resolution of the remaining insurgency in the Philippines.

MALAYSIA

On 26 Jul 25, several individuals believed to be affiliated with a group promoting extremist ideology were detected distributing extremist propaganda to participants during a street rally in Kuala Lumpur. The contents of the leaflets called for the establishment of a caliphate system, a narrative commonly propagated by leaders of extremist groups to garner public support for their cause.

On 26 Aug 25, an individual suspected to be a Malaysian national was identified using the online identity “Melandri Windfred (Abu Furqan al-Kampari Sumatrawi)” [UID: 61574130639558] on social media. The person is believed to be actively involved in disseminating Daesh-related propaganda. Investigations revealed that the individual’s personal Facebook account, created on 20 March 2025, has approximately 3,300 friends. Additionally, the person was found sharing and distributing various forms of Daesh propaganda, including pro-Daesh narratives and videos depicting the group’s activities. Such activities are considered capable of influencing indoctrination processes and potentially garnering public support for militant ideologies.

CONCLUSION

At the global level, countries such as Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria continue to face persistent threats of terrorism due to ongoing internal conflicts. At the same time, extremist sentiments and hate-based ideologies continue to be exploited by supporters and sympathisers of terrorist groups to garner public backing and expand their influence within society. In the African region, Somalia remains under constant threat from Al-Shabaab, which continues to carry out attacks despite numerous security operations, particularly against Ugandan forces serving as peacekeepers in the country. Overall, terrorist activities across the region remain active, as seen in the Congo where Daesh affiliates launched attacks on churches, an act that risks fuelling inter-communal tensions and reflects the growing spread of radical and extremist influence in the area. Meanwhile, the prolonged internal conflict in Syria continues to provide Daesh with opportunities to exploit political and security instability in its effort to reassert its presence. This situation raises the potential for a resurgence of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and lone-wolf actors at both the global and regional levels.

The terrorism threat level in Malaysia remains at a moderate level, indicating the possibility of an attack, though no specific threat has been identified. The recent incident involving individuals distributing radical materials during a public gathering in Kuala Lumpur highlights the need for heightened vigilance by the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) and the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) to curb the influence of extremist narratives at an early stage. In this regard, the implementation of the Malaysia Action Plan on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (MyPCVE) plays a crucial role in strengthening preventive measures and enhancing community resilience to identify and reject extremist ideologies.

The threat of terrorism at the global and regional levels is expected to persist and continue to pose concerns for countries worldwide. This situation is driven by the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, particularly the Israel-Palestine conflict and internal tensions in several nations, which indirectly create fertile ground for the resurgence of extremist ideologies. Furthermore, the widespread use of social media in daily life has become a key enabler of extremist propaganda dissemination, increasing the likelihood of lone-wolf actors and making it more difficult for authorities to detect and prevent threats at an early stage. Therefore, enhanced regional cooperation and intelligence sharing among nations remain crucial to ensure that any form of local threat or movement involving Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) can be identified and addressed in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.

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Terrorism Watch Second Quarter 2025

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The second quarter of Terrorism Watch 2025 explores the most recent events and developments pertaining to terror-related incidents in Southeast Asia and significant incidents worldwide from April to June 2025.

Countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan remain hotspots for terrorism due to prolonged instability and weak governance, which allow extremist groups to operate. In the African region, the persistent threat posed by Al-Shabaab continues to be a major security concern. In South Asia, tensions between India and Pakistan are exploited by militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, whose cross-border operations not only destabilise the region but also link to global terrorist network. Meanwhile in Syria, the emergence of new leadership could trigger a revival of Daesh by allowing the group to reorganize its network and expand its international reach.

In Southeast Asia, most attack are carried out by self-radicalized individuals rather than large coordinated groups. Many of these terrorists are heavily influenced and recruited through social media platforms, which have become powerful tools for spreading extremist ideology and isolated sympathizers across the region.  

Malaysia remains proactive by implementing early preventive measures to ensure that its citizens do not adopt terrorist ideologies that could endanger national security. Ongoing instability in West Asia and the shift in Daesh’s operational base may influence the movement of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and the patterns of terrorist activity.

In summary, the second quarter of 2025 has witnessed a rise in both global and regional terrorist threats. The use of advanced technology by terrorist groups underscores the need for a coordinated response. Regional nations must act decisively to confront this emerging challenge.

INTRODUCTION

Across several nations, the second quarter of 2025 has been marked by significant events. Terrorist and militant continue operations in conflict zones in order to reinforce their presence.

The following are the highlights of recent terrorism-related occurrences around the world:

a.  Afghanistan.

(1) On 10 June 25, an armed clash broke out between the Taliban and Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISKP) in  District 15 near the Marjan residential complex in northeastern Kabul. This incident is part of a series of intensified operations carried out by the Taliban to eliminate ISKP elements that remain active in the Afghan capital.

(2) To counter this threat, the Taliban is likely to tighten security along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border by increasing patrols and establishing additional checkpoints as a proactive measure to prevent early infiltration, besides weaken ISKP’s operational capabilities.

b. Pakistan.

(1)        On 22 Apr 25, at least 10 suspected Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) militants were killed and several others injured during a joint operation conducted by the Punjab Police and the Counter Terrorism Department (CTD) in Makarwal, Mianwali District, Punjab.

(2)        TTP’s growing presence in the Makarwal area, likely as a consequence of sustained military pressure in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions. The group appears to be using Makarwal’s location, near the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa border and relatively close to Balochistan, as a strategic base for operations. The Pakistani security forces’ move to target non-hotspot areas could disrupt TTP’s hiding strategy, which relies on poorly monitored locations.

c. Somalia.

(1)        On 16 Apr 25, the Al-Shabaab militants group launched an attack on the strategic town of Adan Yabaal in the Shabelle region. The assault began with an explosion, followed by coordinated attacks from multiple directions. Al-Shabaab, an affiliate of Al-Qaeda, claimed to have captured ten military posts during the operations.

(2)        On 8 June 25, at least three senior Al-Shabaab commanders were eliminated in an airstrike conducted by Somali security forces near the town of El-Bur in central Somalia. Among the dead was Nuur Abdi Rooble, a prominent operative linked to attacks on civilians across Somalia since 2009. Also killed were Caddaw, who managed the group’s intelligence network in the Galgadud region, and lastly is Macallin Cumar, Al-Shabaab’s chief training facilitator. All three figures played an important role in designing and executing attacks in the Hiiraan and Middle Shabelle regions.  

(3)        Al-Shabaab, which remains a primary threat in Somalia, continues to demonstrate its strength and capability to carry out attacks across the country. Although the Somali government maintains that Al-Shabaab’s operational capacity has been significantly reduced, recent developments indicate that the group remains active, particularly in rural areas. The government is expected to focus its efforts on strengthening military presence in these rural regions and enhancing cooperation with regional and international forces to combat this persistent threat.  

d. Syria.

(1)        On 4 May 25, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) carried out an operation to arrest an individual believed to be commander of Daesh militants in the eastern rural areas of Deir ez-Zor. The suspect, identified as Hamoud Abdullah al-Khatib, also known as Abu Zakaria, was capture along with weapons and other items belonging to the senior leader.

 (2)       On 24 June 25, Syrian security forces announce the arrest of all Daesh militants responsible for the bombing of a Greek Orthodox Church in Damascus. Among those detained was a Syrian national, Muhammad al-Jamaili @ Abu Imad al-Jamaili, who is believes to be the leader of a Daesh cell in the country. The arrests followed the attack on 21 June, started when a Daesh suicide bomber opened fire before blowing up his explosive vest targeting Christian worshippers attending morning mass at the church. The blast killed at least 25 people, injured 63 others and caused extensive damage to the church’s infrastructure, including its main worship hall.

(3)        This latest attack reflects the persistent threat posed by the Daesh terrorist group and highlights the continued presence of extremist elements within Syrian population. However, under the current leadership, the government has shown strong commitment to restoring national security through sustained efforts by security forces targeting Daesh’s infrastructure and support networks to destroy terrorist cells and enhance stability in Syria.

e. India.

(1)        On 7 May 25, Indian security forces launched a military operation targeting nine terrorist locations, including the headquarters of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) in Pakistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK). The strikes covered five locations in PoK which two each in Muzaffarabad and Kotli and one in Bhimber. The remaining four operations were conducted in Pakistan, including two in Sialkot and one each in Muridke and Bahawalpur. Codenamed Operation Sindoor, this mission was carried out as a response to the 22 Apr 25 terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), which killed 26 people.

(2)        The current conflict between the two neighboring countries is seen as the most serious diplomatic breakdown in India-Pakistan relations since the 1971 war. India’s suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and Pakistan’s withdrawal from Simla Agreement signify the collapse of diplomatic frameworks that have long managed bilateral tensions. With both nations possessing nuclear weapons, the risk of miscalculation or unintended escalation has become a major concern for the international community. While Operation Sindoor may have achieved India’s short-term objective of demonstrating resolve uncertain. Internal pressures in Pakistan, including economic challenges and political instability, are likely to influence its response strategy. On the other hand, India’s actions may reinforce domestic political support but risk straining international relations of civilians casualties increase. 

TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

INDONESIA

On 24 May 25, Indonesia’s Special Anti-Terrorism Detachment (Densus 88) forces detained a male teenager in Kabupaten Gowa, South Sulawesi. The suspect, identified only as MAS (18), was accused of disseminating extremist propaganda and inciting acts of terrorism online. He was reported to have distributed various Daesh propaganda materials, including images, videos, audio recordings, and writings that promoted the terrorist group.

On 28 May 25, Densus 88 successfully apprehended a terrorism suspect in Central Java, Indonesia. The suspect, identified as A (32), was accused of spreading radical propaganda related to a terrorist group on social media platforms. Reports indicate that the suspect had previously been involved with the terrorist organization Jemaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD), which is affiliated with Daesh.

The ongoing arrest operations carried out by Indonesian law enforcement are proving increasingly effective. However, digital radicalization and youth involvement present new challenges that require a more comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy.

THE PHILIPPINES

On 1 June 25, Philippine security forces arrested a member of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) involved in various terrorist activities in Basilan and Zamboanga, Philippines. The joint operation, which included both military and police units, successfully detained the suspect, identified as Isnaji Hashim (34), a follower of one of the ASG sub-groups led by Ibni Acosta.

On 24 June 25, Philippine security forces successfully captured a terrorist affiliated with the Dawlah Islamiyah group who was known for his expertise in bomb-making during an encounter in Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao del Norte. The suspect, identified as Kamsa Budjal @ Ustads Ali, was a member of the Dawlah Islamiyah–Hasssan Group (DI-HG). Several pieces of evidence were recovered at the site of the encounter, including an M653 rifle, an M16A1 rifle, medical supplies, ammunition, bomb-making components, mobile phones, and subversive documents.

These continuous operations also highlight the effectiveness of the government’s Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE) program in addressing the threat of terrorism and detach terrorist networks in the Philippines. Philippine security forces are expected to continue conducting security operations to safeguard public peace, ensure community well-being, and protect national interests.

SINGAPORE

On 2 Apr 25, a 15-year-old female student was dealt with under Singapore’s Internal Security Act (ISA). The teenager had been exposed to Daesh propaganda online in June 2023, and subsequently made a virtual “bai’ah” (pledge of allegiance) to a Daesh-affiliated chatbot in July 2023.

On 2 Apr 25, a 17-year-old male teenager was detained for planning attacks on five mosques in Singapore, including Masjid Maarof. He intended to carry out the attacks after Friday prayers to inflict a high number of casualties, with the goal of killing at least 100 Muslims. The teenager was influenced by far-right “East Asian Supremacy” ideology and idolized Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the 2019 Christchurch attack. He also planned to livestream the assault. However, the plot was unsuccessful as he failed to obtain firearms, despite attempts to purchase a pistol from overseas and learning how to modify weapons online.

The rising cases of youth involvement in radicalization in the country shows how easily young individuals can be influenced by online content promoting armed jihad. Most of these youths undergo self-radicalization, where they are not directly recruited but instead become radicalized independently through exposure to extremist material on the internet.

MALAYSIA

On 27 June 25, the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) arrested 35 Bangladeshi nationals and one Indonesian woman who were identified as directly involved in activities based on extremist beliefs and terrorist ideology. Intelligence and coordinated operations by PDRM’s Special Branch (E8) revealed that this group was introducing Daesh-inspired extremist ideology into the country.

Malaysia is no longer just a target but has also become a transit location for foreign terrorist groups before they carry out terrorist activities. Furthermore, these operations demonstrate the effectiveness of Malaysian security forces in combating subversive elements. This underscores the importance of cooperation between local agencies (inter-agency coordination) and international partners in addressing issues related to extremism, radicalization, and terrorism.

CONCLUSION

The rise of new leadership in Syria has potential to boost Daesh’s presence in global jihadist landscape. This resurgence not only allows Daesh to reorganize and strengthen its operational networks, but also serves as a source of inspiration for other terrorist groups worldwide. A recent Daesh’s attack on church in Syria, shows their intent to target places of worship. Such incidents set a dangerous precedent and could encourage other extremist groups to replicate similar attacks against religious places. Even without direct attacks, Daesh’s ideology continues to spread and influence extremist groups across other regions, extending their reach and impact far beyond the immediate conflict zones. Furthermore, the spread of extremism, radicalism, and terrorism ideologies across Southeast Asia remains deeply persistent and aggressive, particularly in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Singapore. Daesh’s ideology maintains a significant influence over local militant networks, many of which have demonstrated links or sympathies to Daesh.

In Malaysia, the risk of terrorist acts is currently classified as “possible” with the overall threat level assessed as moderate. Although the security situation remains largely under control, the presence of foreign nationals attempting to utilize Malaysia as a transit point for terrorist operations represents a significant concern that need a proactive measures by authorities. To overcome this, Malaysian government has launched a comprehensive approach through the Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE), focusing on prevention, enforcement and rehabilitation. Inter-agency cooperation involving the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM), the Armed Forces (ATM) and the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) enhances border control, digital monitoring and rapid responses capabilities against potential threats. In addition, Malaysia works closely with international partners, especially ASEAN countries, to disrupt terrorist networks and prevent the country from being used as a transit point for foreign militants.

The current conflict in the Middle East, especially Israel-Palestine has caused anger and tension among certain groups. This situation creates an opportunity for both local and global terrorist groups to recruit new members and carry out attacks. These groups often use the idea of Muslim oppression to spread hatred and promote their violent agendas.

EKSTREMISME DALAM ERA DIGITAL : BAGAIMANA INTERNET BERPERANAN MENYUBURKAN RADIKALISME

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ARTIKEL

EKSTREMISME DALAM ERA DIGITAL : BAGAIMANA INTERNET BERPERANAN MENYUBURKAN RADIKALISME  

PENDAHULUAN

Abad ke 21 telah menyaksikan perkembangan evolusi teknologi maklumat sejak penciptaan Internet pada era 1960 an. Evolusi Internet juga memperlihatkan kelahiran media sosial yang kini menjadi sebahagian daripada keperluan bagi setiap pengguna media elektronik. Media sosial merupakan rangkaian komunikasi berkumpulan secara dalam talian dan lebih tertumpu kepada komuniti-komuniti tertentu untuk perkongsian maklumat. Dalam meniti arus kemodenan ini, penggunaan internet menjadi satu komponen utama dalam kehidupan seharian. Teknologi internet yang digunapakai pada hari ini membawa kepada dunia tanpa sempadan yang membolehkan pengguna tidak memerlukan sebarang kebenaran untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengenai negara lain.

Perkembangan internet di Malaysia bermula sejak tahun 1983 yang dicetuskan oleh seorang rakyat Malaysia, Dr. Mohamed Awang-Lah ahli akademik Fakulti Elektrikal/Elektronik di Makmal Universiti Malaya (UM). Dr. Mohamed Awang-Lah telah membuat hubungan internet yang sama di akhir tahun 1984 ketika beliau ditempatkan di Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic System (MIMOS). Penubuhan MIMOS oleh kerajaan menyediakan peluang kepada warga Malaysia untuk menghasilkan hubungan internet yang lebih baik. Bagi menampung pengguna yang semakin meningkat, Telekom Malaysia Berhad telah memulakan perkhidmatan TMNet pada 1 Nov 96.

Kini, kemudahan internet menjadi faktor kewujudan pelbagai aplikasi media sosial yang popular dalam kalangan pengguna meliputi, Facebook, X, Instagram, Google, Youtube, WhatsApp, Telegram dan sebagainya. Kesemua platform digital ini mudah untuk diakses menerusi telefon pintar yang menjadi satu keperluan kepada pengguna.

EKSTREMISME DALAM ERA DIGITAL 

Dalam arus kemodenan ini, pelbagai pihak mendapat manfaat daripada teknologi moden terutamanya dalam menggunakan internet. Ini termasuklah organisasi pengganas yang mengambil kesempatan dalam memanfaatkan penggunaan internet untuk menjalankan kegiatan keganasan mereka secara langsung atau tidak langsung terutama dalam penyebaran ideologi radikal, merekrut, mengumpul dana dan sebagainya. Kemunculan gerakan terorisme global serantau seperti Daesh, Al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) berjaya menyelinap masuk elemen ekstrem ke dalam kehidupan masyarakat beragama Islam termasuk Malaysia.

Dalam penggunaan era digital pada hari ini membenarkan unsur ektremisme untuk berkembang secara pantas dan proses indoktrinasi mudah ditanam ke dalam minda masyarakat. Organisasi pengganas menggunakan taktik dan strategi menggunakan medium media sosial dalam penyebaran ideologi, propaganda, merekrut anggota baru, penjanaan sumber dana dan sebagainya. Media sosial dengan nama Al-Hayat Media Centre, Dabiq dan Al-Rumiyyah yang diperkenalkan oleh organisasi pengganas merupakan media bersifat interaktif yang berjaya menarik minat penyokong dan symphatiser seluruh dunia. Peranan media sosial dilihat memberi impak yang besar mencakupi semua lapisan masyarakat dan negara berbanding secara tradisional iaitu melalui perjumpaan fizikal.

Strategi menggunakan medium media sosial dalam penyebaran ideologi, propaganda, aktiviti merekrut keanggotaan baru, penjanaan sumber dana dan sebagainya telah dimulakan oleh Al Qaeda semasa kepimpinan Osama bin Laden pada Jun 2010. Al Qaeda juga menjadi kumpulan pengganas pertama menghasilkan majalah dalam talian iaitu Inspire yang sering mendedahkan kaedah penghasilan bom dan taktik untuk melancarkan serangan. Selain Al Qaeada, kumpulan pengganas Al Shabaab turut menggunakan Twitter dalam membuat liputan secara langsung ke atas serangan mereka di Westgate Nairobi, Kenya. Malah, bagi menarik perhatian generasi muda, Al Shabaab juga telah memuat naik video berkenaan ke dalam YouTube dan Facebook.

Organisasi pengganas juga dilihat memanfaatkan penggunaan internet bagi menghasut pengguna-pengguna internet dalam ‘perjuangan’ mereka. Mereka mencari idea atau sesuatu isu yang boleh mendatangkan kemarahan pengguna internet dan mula membuat provokasi dengan menyebarkan propaganda atau berita palsu. Isi kandungan yang berunsurkan provokatif dapat menyuburkan ideologi ekstrem kepada pengguna-pengguna yang menjadi sasaran mereka. Kebiasaanya pengguna mudah merasa simpati atau beremosi melihat klip video-video yang berupa ceramah, dokumentari atau video penindasan terhadap orang Islam. Perkara ini menjadi modal bagi organisasi pengganas dalam menggalakkan kemarahan pengguna internet. Melalui cara ini, mereka dapat membentuk komuniti yang menyokong agenda mereka kemudiannya merancang strategi untuk mempertahankan ‘perjuangan’ mereka.         

Rangkaian internet menjadi tempat utama radikalisme berkembang dengan pesat. Forum dalam talian seperti Reddit dan sebagainya dapat menjadi tempat berkumpul, berbincang dan memperkuatkan ideologi radikal bagi seseorang individu atau kumpulan yang mempunyai pandangan ekstrem. Ini termasuklah media sosial dann chat group seperti Facebook, Telegram dan WhatsApp yang sering digunakan oleh kumpulan radikal dalam berkomunikasi, merekrut ahli dan berbincang strategi.

FAKTOR INTERNET MENDORONG RADIKALISME

Internet memainkan peranan besar dalam aktiviti yang berunsurkan radikalisme secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Pelbagai kandungan atau content yang ekstrem mudah untuk diakses tanpa batasan. Elemen ekstremisme dalam bentuk video, artikel dan propaganda yang mempromosikan ideologi radikal boleh diperolehi melalui internet. Secara tidak langsung, pengguna yang terjerumus dengan elemen yang berunsurkan ekstremisme boleh mendatangkan tindakan secara sendiri atau dikenali sebagai lone wolf. Serangan lone wolf boleh tercetus hanya dengan melalui kandungan di internet. Kandungan di internet yang mengandungi unsur radikalisme mahupun ekstremisme mampu membentuk kemarahan individu atau secara kumpulan yang akhirnya mendorong mereka kepada aktiviti keganasan.

Dalam pada masa yang sama, internet membenarkan pengguna terutamanya yang mempunyai pandangan yang ekstrem untuk mencari dan menyertai komuniti dalam talian yang menyokong ideologi mereka. Pengguna yang terpengaruh dengan ideologi ekstremise kebiasaannya akan mencari individu lain atau sesebuah kumpulan melalui media sosial bagi memperkuatkan kefahaman mereka. Natijahnya, internet menjadi punca utama kepada pengguna untuk berhubung dan mengukuhkan pandangan yang berunsur ekstrem dan radikal.

Dalam masa yang sama, pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab mengeksploitasi internet sebagai sarang penyebaran berita palsu dan maklumat yang tidak benar demi kepentingan mereka. Penyebaran berita palsu yang disebarkan melalui internet sangat pantas dan menyeluruh berbanding penyebaran secara bersemuka. Pengguna yang cetek ilmu pengetahuan dan hanya mengambil maklumat bulat-bulat tanpa membuat penyelidikan akan mudah terpengaruh dengan propaganda atau maklumat yang tidak benar tersebut.

KESAN PENGGUNAAN INTERNET DALAM RADIKALISASI

Masyarakat beragama Islam yang cetek ilmu pengetahuan khususnya mudah terpedaya dengan hasutan kumpulan pengganas yang jelas mempromosi perjuangan dengan menunggang isu agama untuk ‘menghalalkan’ elemen radikal dan keganasan. Kumpulan pengganas memanipulasikan konflik Israel-Palestin yang masih lagi berlangsung sehingga membawa kepada kebencian dan menggalakkan untuk melakukan keganasan. Kumpulan pengganas Daesh telah memperkenalkan kempen “Kill Them Wherever You Find Them” menjadi dorongan kepada semangat perjuangan pengganas Daesh.

Kumpulan pengganas menyasarkan anak-anak muda yang mudah terjerumus dalam propaganda pengganas melalui penggunaan internet yang menjadi keperluan harian mereka. Selain itu, golongan muda senang percaya dengan fahaman radikal kerana mereka mudah untuk terpengaruh dan mempunyai semangat juang yang tinggi berbanding dengan golongan yang lebih tua. Pada 22 Feb 23, seorang remaja lelaki berusia 16 tahun telah ditahan oleh Jabatan Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (ISD) Singapura di atas kesalahan menyertai berbilang server yang bertemakan Daesh di permainan video Roblox. Remaja tersebut didapati menggunakan permainan video Roblox ini untuk meniru zon konflik Iraq dan Syria, serta turut bersumpah setia kepada pemimpin Daesh. Menurut pihak berkuasa, remaja itu telah menjalani fantasi kehidupan sebenar terutama dalam menembak dan membunuh musuh Daesh dalam permainan itu. Hal demikian menunjukkan bagaimana kumpulan pengganas menggunakan rangkaian internet dalam permainan video untuk menyebarkan fahaman radikal terutamanya kepada golongan muda.

Selain itu, pengguna media sosial mempunyai risiko yang tinggi terhadap pengaruh radikal dan ekstremis terutama apabila laman sosial seperti facebook mudah diakses. Pada 13 Jun 2024, seorang pekebun didakwa atas tiga pertuduhan menyokong dan memiliki item berkaitan pengganas Daesh. Tertuduh, Muhammad Sani Mahdi Sahar didakwa telah memberi sokongan kepada kumpulan pengganas Daesh dengan cara menggunakan aplikasi media sosial Facebook atas nama Abu Ibrahim (dalam Bahasa Arab) yang kemudiannya ditukar ke nama ‘Oyen Ucuk’. Tertuduh sebelum ini pernah dijatuhkan hukuman masing-masing penjara 18 bulan pada 2016 dan enam tahun pada 2018 atas kesalahan berkaitan Daesh. Beliau merupakan salah seorang yang aktif menyebarkan ideologi dan propaganda Daesh di facebook dan telegram group wilayah Malizi atau Ulul Albab. Bagi perbuatan itu tertuduh didakwa mengikut Seksyen 130JB(1)(a) Kanun Keseksaan. Penahanan ini menunjukkan kumpulan pengganas Daesh mengembangkan ideologi ekstremisme dalam kalangan masyarakat melalui aplikasi facebook yang mempunyai lebih 30 juta pengguna aktif di Malaysia.

Di samping itu, pada 13 Apr 24, seramai lima individu ditahan di atas kesalahan melakukan provokasi dan ugutan terhadap pelanggan di restoran McDonald Sungai Isap, Kuantan. Susulan dengan konflik Israel-Palestin, tercetusnya kemarahan terhadap restoran McDonald yang tular menyumbang makanan percuma kepada pasukan Israel Defence Force (IDF) sehingga menyebabkan provokasi terhadap cawangan McDonald di kawasan mereka. Kes disiasat di bawah Seksyen 506 Kanun Keseksaan.

LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN MENGATASI ONLINE RADIKALISME

Internet mempengaruhi pelbagai aspek bukan sahaja kehidupan sosial, malah merangkumi politik, ekonomi dan keselamatan negara. Pelbagai langkah perlu diambil bagi membendung fahaman radikal dalam kalangan masyarakat khususnya dalam talian. Antara usaha yang perlu diambil oleh pihak berkuasa adalah memperkenalkan pendidikan awal dan kesedaran mengenai bahaya radikalisme dan ekstremisme. Kerajaan perlu menyediakan satu slot pembelajaran diperingkat sekolah mengenai bahaya ancaman ekstremisme dan terorisme.

Seterusnya, pihak berkuasa perlu meningkatkan pengawasan yang proaktif serta memantau isi kandungan secara dalam talian yang mempunyai unsur ekstremisme. Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) memainkan peranan penting dalam memantau media sosial kumpulan yang dikaitan dengan pengganas. Dalam usaha untuk mengekang aktiviti pengganas ini, PDRM telah mewujudkan kolaborasi rapat dengan agensi keselamatan serantau bagi memantau penyebaran propaganda agar tindakan yang tepat dapat diambil ke atas pihak yang terlibat. Peranan PDRM yang komited dalam memastikan sebarang kegiatan yang boleh menggugat ketenteraman orang awam dapat melumpuhkan rancangan kumpulan pengganas.

Dalam pada itu, kolaborasi global antarabangsa perlu dilaksanakan supaya dapat mengatasi masalah ekstremisme. Negara-negara yang terlibat perlulah memberi kerjasama dalam mendapatkan informasi intelligence bagi mencegah elemen radikalisme secara dalam talian. Kerjasama global ini dapat memberi kesan yang efektif terhadap kewujudan organisasi pengganas ataupun elemen-elemen radikal.

PENUTUP

Pada masa kini, penggunaan internet menjadi salah satu keperluan setiap individu dan diguna pakai sejajar dengan gaya hidup terkini. Dengan adanya kemudahan internet, pelbagai maklumat mudah diperolehi dan diakses selagi mana pengguna mempunyai rangkaian internet. Namun begitu, kumpulan pengganas mengambil kesempatan ke atas kemudahan teknologi ini dalam penyebaran ideologi radikal selain merekrut ahli baru untuk menyertai ‘perjuangan’ mereka. Medium media sosial digunakan untuk menjalankan aktiviti kegiatan keganasan menjadi cabaran utama yang perlu diberi perhatian.

Oleh kerana propaganda mudah disebarkan melalui internet, pengguna haruslah bijak dalam menilai sesuatu berita atau maklumat yang diperolehi adalah suatu fakta dan benar. Terutamanya teknologi pada hari ini mula diperkenalkan dengan teknologi Artifical Intelligence (AI) yang berkebolehan untuk memanipulasikan fakta, dilihat menjadi ancaman kepada pengguna internet dalam mendapat maklumat yang sahih.

Kesimpulannya, usaha yang produktif perlu dilakukan oleh pihak berkuasa dalam melaksanakan counter-narrative bagi mengatasi peperangan ideologi dalam era digital terutama melibatkan jutaan pengguna di media sosial. Oleh itu, pada 6 Ogos 17, Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (SKMM) telah menyekat 72 laman sesawang dan 54 pautan laman web dalam Bahasa Malaysia dan Inggeris kerana dikesan menyebarkan ideologi pengganas Daesh. SKMM mengambil tindakan proaktif termasuk mengenal pasti pemilik laman sosial, selain menyekat akses media sosial yang dikesan menyebarkan propaganda pengganas. Usaha ini didapati dapat mengurangkan sekali gus menghapuskan fahaman radikal yang berpotensi disebarkan ke dalam negara ini.

Sebagai penutup, medium media sosial dikesan menjadi pilihan utama kumpulan pengganas Daesh untuk merekrut ahli baharu, terutama golongan muda di negara ini. SKMM telah memperkenalkan Lesen Kelas Pemberian Perkhidmatan Aplikasi di bawah Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 (Akta 588) yang dilaksanakan bermula 1 Jan 25. Pindaan Akta 588 ini dijangka dapat menjaga kebebasan bersuara, tetapi pada masa yang sama melindungi masyarakat umum daripada berita palsu dan isu provokasi yang melibatkan elemen 3R (agama, raja, kaum). Langkah ini dilihat dapat membendung pemilikan pengguna media sosial agar pengguna mematuhi undang-undang.

ARTIKEL PERANAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DALAM DUNIA KEGANASAN

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ARTIKEL

PERANAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DALAM DUNIA KEGANASAN

PENDAHULUAN

Sepanjang dekad yang lalu, kita telah menyaksikan penerimaan dan pembangunan Artificial Intelligence (AI) yang pesat dalam pelbagai industri melibatkan kedua-dua sektor awam dan swasta. Di ramalkan bahawa pasaran AI global akan melepasi pasaran 100 bilion USD pada tahun 2025. Sistem yang di dorong oleh AI akan terus menyokong pelbagai sektor penting seperti penjagaan kesihatan, pendidikan, perbankan dan perkhidmatan kewangan, perdagangan, infrastruktur, keselamatan dan lain-lain lagi. Walaupun AI dilihat semakin memuncak berkembang, ia turut menimbulkan pelbagai ketidaktentuan dalam bidang-bidang seperti hak asasi manusia, teknologi sedia ada (seperti sistem biometrik), dan migrasi. Kumpulan pengganas juga semakin tertarik untuk memanipulasikan teknologi baharu ini dan implementasikan untuk kepentingan mereka. 

Penggunaan teknologi oleh kumpulan pengganas bukanlah satu perkara yang baru memandangkan ianya telah lama memainkan peranan yang signifikan dalam setiap insiden/serangan keganasan yang dilaksanakan oleh mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan kemajuan terkini dalam AI, beberapa kumpulan pengganas kini sudah mula mempertimbangkan segala kelebihan/faedah yang ditawarkan oleh teknologi ini. Antara kelebihan AI bagi tujuan keganasan yang boleh diguna pakai oleh kumpulan/organisasi pengganas adalah seperti proses merekrut ahli baharu yang bersifat lebih interaktif (penggunaan video dan gambar), penghasilan propaganda yang lebih moden dan advance serta manipulasi tingkah laku individu melalui saluran media sosial. Kemajuan teknologi baharu membuka pelbagai pintu kepada kemungkinan yang tidak terhingga bahawa kumpulan pengganas bersedia untuk mengeksploitasi dan menggunakannya untuk keuntungan mereka. 

 

MAKSUD AI DAN AI GENERATIF

Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) merupakan suatu teknologi yang membolehkan komputer dan mesin meniru serta mengasimilasikan proses-proses kognitif manusia. Ianya merangkumi proses pembelajaran, pemahaman, penyelesaian masalah, pembuatan keputusan, kreativiti serta autonomi. Kesemuanya memainkan peranan penting dalam merangsang kemampuan intelektual manusia. Sistem AI ini mempunyai beberapa bentuk dan salah satu bentuk yang mendapat perhatian masa kini adalah AI Generatif (gen AI). Ia telah menunjukkan potensi besar dalam pelbagai bidang. Gen AI menggunakan pembelajaran mesin untuk menjana kandungan baharu, teks, audio, imej, video dan simulasi pelbagai fungsi. Ia beroperasi dengan memanfaatkan data set yang sangat besar serta parameter yang diilhamkan oleh rangkaian hubungan dalam otak manusia. Perbezaan utama antara Gen AI dan bentuk-bentuk AI yang lain terletak pada kebolehannya untuk menghasilkan output baharu, berbanding hanya meramalkan dan mengkategorikan seperti sistem pembelajaran mesin yang lain. Berikut merupakan beberapa contoh Gen AI:

  1. Chatbots berasaskan teks atau program yang direka untuk mensimulasikan perbualan dengan manusia seperti Anthropic’s Claude, ChatGPT, Bing Chat, Google Gemini dan Llama 2.
  2. Penjana imej atau video seperti Bing Image Creator, DALL-E3, Midjourney dan Stable Diffusion.
  3. Penjana suara seperti Microsoft VALL-E.

 Dengan wujudnya pelbagai aplikasi dan program ini, minat terhadap penggunaan Gen AI dilihat telah meningkat dengan ketara dari pihak kerajaan, swasta dan masyarakat awam manakala kumpulan/organisasi pengganas tidak terkecuali. Mereka melihat penggunaan aplikasi ini sebagai peluang untuk menggembangkan propaganda serta meningkatkan lagi pengaruh kumpulan mereka di seluruh dunia.

PERANAN AI DALAM MEMACU AKTIVITI KUMPULAN PENGGANAS

AI sedang mentransformasi cara pengumpulan dan penggunaan maklumat disamping mempengaruhi ketegangan geopolitik dan ancaman keganasan. Terdapat laporan yang menyatakan bahawa individu pengganas dan ekstremis memanfaatkan AI untuk meningkatkan operasi mereka melalui pendekatan utama seperti berikut;


a.         Propaganda – Propaganda adalah satu alat utama yang digunakan oleh kumpulan pengganas untuk menyebarkan nilai dan kepercayaan mereka. Dengan bantuan Gen AI, propaganda boleh disebarkan dengan lebih mudah, dan impaknya boleh meningkat dengan ketara, menjadikannya lebih berkesan dan disesuaikan dengan sasaran. Propaganda boleh digunakan untuk menyebarkan ucapan kebencian dan ideologi radikal. Menggunakan imej, video, atau audio tiruan (palsu) yang selari dengan nilai-nilai organisasi boleh membantu meningkatkan jumlah propaganda yang dihasilkan, memperkuatkan mesej, dan mempengaruhi sikap serta emosi orang ramai (contohnya, menggunakan gambar palsu mangsa/kanak-kanak yang cedera untuk memberi kesan emosi kepada penonton). Gen AI dalam propaganda boleh mencipta realiti palsu, membolehkan pihak tertentu menimbulkan kekacauan dan kekeliruan melalui maklumat salah dan palsu. Memuat naik kandungan AI yang dihasilkan di platform media sosial boleh memperluas jangkauan dan menyebarkan maklumat palsu dengan cepat kerana ia boleh dikongsi oleh jutaan pengikut. Natijahnya, media sosial boleh dianggap sebagai senjata yang berkuasa dalam peperangan maklumat palsu, di mana orang ramai tidak lagi boleh bergantung sepenuhnya kepada apa yang mereka baca atau dengar. Gen AI berpotensi membawa cabaran besar dalam komunikasi dan media dalam talian, terutamanya dalam hal maklumat salah dan palsu. Melalui kaedah ini, pengganas boleh menggunakan Gen AI untuk mencipta halusinasi melalui pelbagai strategi. Contohnya adalah seperti peperangan psikologi, operasi bendera palsu atau propaganda untuk mempengaruhi tingkah laku orang ramai.

b.         Recruitment – Pengganas boleh memanfaatkan alat berasaskan AI untuk membuat profiling ke atas target dan mengenal pasti bakal rekrut yang memenuhi kriteria tertentu. Seterusnya, aplikasi Gen AI boleh digunakan untuk menyesuaikan mesej dan kandungan media bagi menarik perhatian bakal rekrut. Teknologi canggih seperti LLM’s (Larger Language Model) yang menjadi trend pada masa kini iaitu ChatGPT, membolehkan kumpulan pengganas memberikan pengalaman mirip manusia tanpa memerlukan campur tangan atau bantuan daripada manusia yang sebenar. Penggunaan Gen AI berpotensi untuk meningkatkan keupayaan kumpulan pengganas dalam membina hubungan peribadi, terutamanya untuk mendekati sympathiser dan individu yang gemar bersendirian (lone actor) yang mana individu ini mudah berasa simpati terhadap perjuangan yang dibawa oleh kumpulan pengganas ini. AI juga dilihat digunakan dalam proses mengumpulkan data untuk mengenal pasti individu yang terdedah kepada radikalisasi disamping membantu penyebaran maklumat atau mesej pengganas yang lebih tepat kepada mangsanya. Sebagai tamsilnya, kumpulan pengganas akan menghantar mesej/propaganda kepada bakal rekrut bersesuaian dengan keadaan semasa seperti individu-individu yang dilihat kerap mencari kandungan berbaur keganasan secara dalam talian atau menstrim video berkaitan dengan aktiviti keganasan.

c.          AI-Generated Deepfake – Teknologi deepfake yang dikuasakan oleh AI boleh digunakan oleh kumpulan pengganas untuk menyebarkan maklumat palsu atau kandungan seperti video, gambar atau ilustrasi palsu bagi tujuan memanipulasi pendapat orang awam. Pengganas boleh mencipta atau menghasilkan video berserta audio palsu dengan menggunakan pemimpin atau ahli politik yang realistik untuk memanipulasi atau menyebarkan maklumat yang salah. Perkara ini dilihat mampu memacu kepada pergolakkan politik dan sosial dalam sesebuah negara. Bukan itu sahaja, AI juga boleh digunakan untuk mencipta keseluruhan laman web berita palsu atau kempen media sosial kelihatan seperti boleh dipercayai untuk mengelirukan orang ramai.

d.         Pengumpulan Dana dan Financial Crimes – Penggunaan teknologi AI pada masa kini sering kali dilihat diguna pakai oleh kumpulan pengganas dari segi pengumpulan dana menggunakan sistem kewangan. AI boleh digunakan untuk mencuci wang atau melakukan transaksi melalui rangkaian cryptocurrency menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk dijejaki berkaitan dengan aktiviti kewangan yang dijalankan. Selain daripada itu, algoritma AI boleh mengenal pasti kelemahan dalam sistem kewangan sekaligus memberi laluan kepada kumpulan pengganas ini untuk mengeksploitasi bagi tujuan pembiayaan.

e.         Simulasi Video – Video simulasi adalah merupakan sejenis video yang meniru atau memodelkan situasi, proses, atau persekitaran dunia nyata dalam sistem alam maya. Kebiasaannya video ini dibuat menggunakan imej grafik yang dijana komputer (CGI) atau teknik penyuntingan video untuk menggambarkan situasi yang kelihatan realistik. Video simulasi sering digunakan dalam sektor pendidikan, latihan, hiburan, serta penyelidikan. Namun begitu, kumpulan pengganas juga tidak terlepas daripada memanfaatkan kelebihan dan daya tarikan yang ada menerusi simulasi video. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan pengganas Daesh telah menggunakan satu permainan video simulator yang kandungannya menjurus kepada sesi melatih penyokong Daesh untuk berperang di dalam alam maya. Permainan video simulator yang mempromosikan keganasan dan ideologi ekstremis dilihat boleh memberi kesan negatif yang mendalam kepada generasi muda khususnya. Pendedahan kepada kandungan ganas dan propaganda ini boleh menyebabkan golongan ini terpengaruh dengan keganasan, normalisasi ideologi radikal serta peningkatan pemikiran dan tingkah laku agresif. 

ANTARA CONTOH APLIKASI AI YANG DIGUNA PAKAI PENGGANAS 

PENUTUP

Sebagai kesimpulan, penggunaan AI oleh kumpulan pengganas mencerminkan satu fenomena yang membimbangkan dalam konteks keselamatan global yang semakin kompleks ini. Hasil kajian terhadap kumpulan – kumpulan pengganas seperti Daesh, Boko Haram, Al-Qaeda dan lain-lain menunjukkan bahawa organisasi ini semakin giat meneroka cara untuk memanfaatkan teknologi canggih bagi mencapai matlamat dan rancangan jahat mereka itu sendiri. Implikasi daripada eksploitasi sedemikian adalah luas dan mendalam, merangkumi penyebaran propaganda, penciptaan disinformation campaigns yang terperinci, penghasilan kandungan media palsu yang bertujuan untuk menimbulkan keganasan atau menyebarkan ketakutan, serta pembangunan sistem senjata autonomi. Implikasi ini mempengaruhi tingkah laku masyarakat yang tidak menyedari kompleksiti mekanisme canggih yang digunakan dalam penciptaan kandungan-kandungan tersebut.

Seiring kita berhadapan dengan ancaman yang sedang berkembang ini, pengubal dasar, agensi penguatkuasa undang-undang, pasukan keselamatan dan masyarakat awam harus bekerjasama untuk membangunkan strategi yang kukuh bagi menangkis penyalahgunaan teknologi AI oleh entiti pengganas. Ini merangkumi penambahbaikan rangka kerja pengawal seliaan untuk memantau dan mengawal penyebaran teknologi AI, memperkukuh kerjasama antarabangsa untuk mengesan dan menggagalkan rangkaian haram, serta melabur dalam penyelidikan serta pembangunan alat pengesanan dan penentuan sumber AI.

Kewaspadaan, kebolehsuaian dan kerjasama merupakan elemen yang amat penting dalam menghadapi ancaman yang senantiasa berkembang. Dengan melaksanakan langkah-langkah yang bersesuaian untuk mengurangkan risiko yang timbul akibat eksploitasi teknologi AI generatif oleh kumpulan pengganas, kita dapat membina masa depan yang lebih selamat, kondusif dan teguh untuk semua lapisan masyarakat.

Diperingkat ATM, setiap anggota perlu cakna dalam membezakan naratif pengganas agar tidak terjebak ekstremisme, radikalisme dan terorisme. Sebagaimana yang kita sedia maklum, konflik serangan Israel ke atas Palestin terus dimanipulasikan oleh kumpulan pengganas bagi mempromosikan serangan secara lone wolf dengan slogan mereka “Kill Them Where Ever You Find Them”. Sentimen anti-semitic dilihat terus dimainkan oleh penyokong dan sympathiser kumpulan pengganas dalam meraih sokongan. Kejatuhan pemerintahan Rejim Bashar Assad di Syria dilihat membawa episod baru dalam ancaman keganasan global yang berkemungkinan mampu memberi impak kepada kebangkitan kumpulan pengganas Daesh. Insiden-insiden ini dilihat telah dimanipulasikan dalam menyemai sentimen kebencian ke atas orang bukan islam. Kecanggihan AI dilihat mampu memberi nilai tambah ke atas propaganda pengganas dalam memanipulasi emosi anggota melalui mesej peribadi yang disesuaikan (microtargeting), menyemai keraguan atau kebencian terhadap kepimpinan ATM dan kerajaan semasa bahkan mencetuskan kegelisahan sosial melalui naratif palsu.