INDICATOR BENCHMARK FOR EXTREMISM AND
RADICALISM WITH RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION IN MALAYSIA: GUIDES FOR COUNTER TERRORISM PRACTITIONERS
The study of an indicator benchmark for extremism and radicalism with religious orientation is vital for safeguarding Malaysia’s social harmony, security, and global reputation. By providing a structured framework for early detection, intervention, and prevention, it strengthens the country’s resilience against these threats while upholding its identity as a pluralistic and moderate nation.
Developing indicator benchmarks for extremism and radicalism with religious orientation in Malaysia involves identifying specific, measurable indicators that can signal tendencies toward radical or extremist views and behaviours. These benchmarks should be contextually appropriate, considering Malaysia’s unique socio-religious landscape, its multicultural society, and the government’s existing frameworks.
The study on developing an indicator benchmark for extremism and radicalism with a religious orientation in Malaysia is critical for several reasons. It can be summarised as follows:
a. Firstly, it will address the security threats. This study will address the emerging radicalization trends. Currently, Malaysia faces threats from groups promoting extremist ideologies, often misinterpreting religious teachings. A benchmark helps identify these trends early. This benchmark can also be utilised for prevention of violence whereas an early detection of radicalization reduces the risk of violent acts, such as terrorism or communal violence.
b. Secondly, this study is important for protecting national unity. Malaysia is unique with it diverse society which make up a multicultural and multireligious nation. Extremism, particularly when tied to religious orientation, poses a threat to social harmony and interfaith relationships. The most important, this benchmark will safeguarding Moderate Islam in which Malaysia promotes itself as a hub for moderate Islamic thought. Identifying radical tendencies ensures this identity is preserved.
c. Thirdly, this study is beneficial in informing policy and government intervention programs. This benchmark will provide evidence-based policies in which a benchmark provides empirical data, enabling the government and institutions to design targeted interventions. Furthermore, this benchmark enhanced efficient resource allocation in which it will helps prioritize areas and communities most at risk, ensuring optimal use of resources for counter-radicalization programs.
d. Fourthly, this benchmark should be able to enhance law enforcement and intelligence capabilities by improving detection. The standardized benchmark designed allows law enforcement and intelligence agencies to identify early signs of radicalization in individuals or groups. By aligning detection indicators across agencies, responses become more consistent and effective.
e. Fifthly, the benchmark on these extremist indicators will promote education and awareness to those relevant stakeholders. This benchmark will enable educational institutions and religious organizations to address misinterpretations of religious teachings that foster extremism. In term of community engagement, these benchmarks help create tailored programs to promote awareness at the grassroots level.
f. This study is particularly important in mitigating online radicalization which are the current trends now. As online platforms increasingly facilitate radicalization, these benchmarks provide criteria for identifying extremist narratives online. It will also assist in engaging tech companies to curb the spread of extremist content based on well-defined indicators.
g. Lastly, this study is expected to reduce stigmatization and ensuring fairness against target groups in Malaysia. This benchmark minimizes the risk of arbitrary or biased accusations against individuals or groups by providing objective assessment and inclusivity. This is to ensures the framework is not perceived as targeting specific religions or communities unfairly.
For the purpose of guidelines, here are some steps and considerations to create effective indicators for counter terrorism practitioners in Malaysia:
STEP 1: DEFINE EXTREMISM AND RADICALISM IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT
Firstly, clarification on what constitutes “extremism” and “radicalism” from both a religious and legal standpoint in Malaysia must be establish. This involves examining government definitions, societal norms, and local religious leaders’ views. The Malaysian National Action Plan on Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (NAP-PCVE) launched on 30th Sep 2024 by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, for instance, can provide a foundation for these definitions.
STEP 2: IDENTIFY KEY DOMAINS FOR INDICATORS
There are few key domains that need to be identify as follows:
a. Ideological Indicators: Beliefs, statements, or behaviours that reflect extremist interpretations of religious texts or doctrines.
b. Behavioural Indicators: Actions that suggest a shift from belief to potential action, such as attending meetings with radical groups or significant changes in lifestyle linked to extremism.
c. Social and Community Indicators: Changes in social interactions, withdrawal from mainstream religious communities, or affiliation with known extremist groups.
d. Communication and Media Consumption: Online activity, including social media and consumption of extremist content or websites.
STEP 3: DEVELOP QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS
There are two ways in developing this methodology as follows:
a. Qualitative Indicators may include sentiment analysis of speech or writings that indicate increasing alignment with extremist ideologies. This could involve monitoring statements made by individuals or religious groups regarding topics such as governance, secularism, and religious minorities.
b. Quantitative Indicators could include the number of followers or members associated with specific religious groups identified as extremist, frequency of online engagement with extremist content, or reported incidents of hate speech or violence inspired by religious ideologies.
STEP 4: SAMPLE INDICATORS FOR EXTREMISM AND RADICALISM IN RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
Based on the current trends in extremism, there are various sample indicators that can be utilise as a parameter for measurement such as:
a. Belief in Violent Jihad: Expressed belief that violent means are justified for defending or spreading faith.
b. Rejection of Diversity: Open rejection of Malaysia’s pluralistic society and advocacy for religious homogeneity, especially through divisive rhetoric.
c. Isolation from Mainstream Religious Practices: Choosing not to attend mainstream places of worship or events in favour of closed, unregistered groups.
d. Consumption of and Interaction with Extremist Content: Regular online engagement with extremist religious materials, social media accounts, or websites.
e. Support for Anti-Government or Anti-Social Narratives: Advocacy or promotion of narratives against the state, other religious groups, or specific ethnic communities.
STEP 5: CONSIDER SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES
As what has been recognised, extremism and radicalism can be influenced by social, economic, and political contexts. Therefore, the parameters should include benchmarks for these external conditions as well, such as:
a. Economic Disparities: High levels of unemployment or poverty in communities/specific states that may feel marginalized or targeted.
b. Political Tensions: Periods of heightened political conflict or polarization especially is the states ruled by oppositions.
c. Cultural or Religious Conflicts: Incidents or issues causing friction between religious or ethnic groups, like perceived threats to religious identity.
STEP 6: UTILISE EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The validity and relevancy of these indicator can be further augmented and validate by utilising existing data from various sources. Leveraging Malaysia’s intelligence and law enforcement mechanisms as well as community policing efforts is one of the approaches. The Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM), Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation (MDIO), Religious Affairs Department (JAKIM), and civil society organizations can be valuable partners. The use of AI software-driven sentiment analysis tools on social media and other public forums to identify surges in extremist or radical content and understand public sentiment on sensitive issues is one of the advantages in confirming the data collection.
STEP 7: BENCHMARK WITH REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Malaysia can compare its indicators to global benchmarks to identify shared trends and adapt successful interventions from other countries. By comparing religious extremism indicators across countries, it provides valuable insights into the causes, manifestations, and effective responses to extremism, ultimately contributing to global peace and security. By doing so, it will enhance international collaboration in combating extremism. Comparison can be done with what has been used by countries with similar challenges in religious extremism, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, as well as regional organizations like ASEAN. International guidelines from organizations like UNESCO and UNODC also provide standards for identifying and countering violent extremism with attention to religious orientation.
STEP 8: PERIODIC REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT OF BENCHMARKS
All indicators should be reviewed periodically and adapted based on current trends and emerging threats. This could include tracking changes in radical messaging methods, such as new platforms for digital extremism.
These benchmarks will allow Malaysian authorities and CT practitioners to track trends, analyse causes, and implement measures to counter extremism effectively within a religiously oriented context.
Here are examples of indicators that may help identify ideological, behavioural, social, and media-based trends associated with extremism or radicalization:
IDEOLOGICAL INDICATORS
a. Extremist Interpretations of Religious Texts: This indicator can be detected from open promotion of literal or selective interpretations of religious texts that justify violence against perceived enemies or “non-believers.”
b. Justification of Violence in Religious Context: This indicator can be observed from the statements that glorify or endorse acts of violence against those who are perceived to oppose or disrespect the religion.
c. Rejection of Secular Governance: This indicator can be observed from public or private assertions that secular governance is inherently corrupt or evil, often coupled with calls to establish a religious state governed solely by religious law.
d. Exclusive Claims to Religious Truth: It can be seen from the statements and belief that only their interpretation of religion is correct, and all other interpretations, groups, or denominations are invalid or enemies.
e. Denunciation of Pluralistic or Diverse Societies: This indicator can be detected from statements that reject coexistence with other religions, cultures, or ethnicities, often accompanied by disparaging remarks or accusations.
BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS
a. Attendance at Radical Gatherings or Secretive Meetings: This indicator can be detected from activities of joining or attending gatherings led by individuals known for their radical or extremist views, often organised in private or secretive locations.
b. Adopting Distinctive Dress or Symbols: This indicator can be noticed from abrupt changes in appearance, such as wearing specific religious attire or symbols associated with extremist groups, may indicate increasing alignment with radical ideologies.
c. Withdrawal from Previously Accepted Social Activities: This indicator can be observed from a sudden and noticeable withdrawal from work, school, or community activities, especially if motivated by perceived conflicts with new beliefs.
d. Financial Transactions Linked to Extremist Groups: This indicator can be detected from evidence of sending money to organizations or individuals known to support extremist causes, which could indicate material support for extremist activities.
e. Increasingly Hostile or Aggressive Behaviour: This indicator can be observed from increased anger, frustration, or hostility toward individuals or groups perceived as religious or ideological “others.”
SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY INDICATORS
a. Isolation from Mainstream Religious Communities: This indicator can be observed from individuals which choosing to stop attending community events, mosques, or gatherings in favour of isolated worship with a small, insular group.
b. Joining New Religious Groups Known for Extremism: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is changing affiliations to religious groups with known radical leanings or associations with extremist rhetoric or activities.
c. Changes in Friend Circles: This indicator can be observed from individuals who is abandoning previous friendships or connections to form new, close relationships with individuals or groups with radical views.
d. Encouraging Family or Friends to Follow Extremist Beliefs: This indicator can be observed from activities of persuading or pressuring others to adopt the same radical beliefs, often in an effort to isolate family members from moderate views.
e. Increased Suspicion or Distrust of Law Enforcement or Government: This indicator can be seen from shifting to view authorities as illegitimate or hostile due to beliefs that the government opposes religious values.
COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA CONSUMPTION
a. Regular Consumption of Extremist or Radical Content: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is frequently visiting extremist websites, watching videos, or reading publications known for radical or violent rhetoric, which may include material from global extremist organizations.
b. Posting or Sharing Extremist Content on Social Media: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is publicly sharing videos, articles, or messages that align with extremist narratives, or using language that glorifies extremism or radical leaders.
c. Engaging in Online Discussions with Extremist Groups: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is participating in forums, chat rooms, or social media groups known for promoting extremist ideologies, possibly under anonymous profiles or pseudonyms.
d. Using Encrypted Communication Platforms: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is shifting to encrypted messaging apps or anonymous networks like Telegram, often as a means to communicate with like-minded individuals privately.
e. Public Denouncement or Condemnation of Government Policies: This indicator can be detected from individuals who is frequently posting content online that condemns the government or secular policies in favour of an extremist worldview, potentially reaching a wider audience with radical messages.
CASE STUDIES FOR REFERENCES
Malaysia has observed several cases and examples that highlight these indicators of extremism, particularly among individuals and small groups who have moved toward radicalisation. Here are a few relevant cases that can illustrate each of the indicators mentioned:
Belief in Violent Jihad
Case Study: In recent years, Malaysia has apprehended individuals who attempted to travel to conflict zones, such as Syria, with the intent of joining extremist groups like Daesh @ ISIS. Some of these individuals were influenced by the belief that violent jihad was necessary for the defense or expansion of Islam. For example, in 2019, a 22-year-old Malaysian was detained after attempting to join Daesh @ ISIS in Syria. He expressed that his purpose was to engage in “jihad” to defend the Islamic faith, illustrating an acceptance of violence as a religious duty.
Rejection of Diversity
Case Study: In the 2018 arrest of several radicalized individuals in Terengganu, some detainees openly rejected Malaysia’s multicultural society, stating their disdain for non-Muslim communities. They were part of a local extremist network that promoted divisive ideologies, attempting to recruit others through talks that denounced interfaith harmony and advocated for a singular religious identity for Malaysia. This case highlights an underlying intent to disrupt Malaysia’s pluralistic society by propagating ideologies of religious homogeneity and intolerance.
Isolation from Mainstream Religious Practices
Case Study: A 2017and 2024 investigation into unregistered religious study groups in Malaysia revealed that some of these groups actively isolated their members from mainstream mosques and teachings. These groups would gather in private homes, sometimes led by individuals with radical views who rejected the practices endorsed by the official religious authorities. For example, a splinter group in Kedah and Selangor discouraged its members from attending local mosques, instead conducting closed, unregistered gatherings where they propagated radical interpretations of Islam and questioned established religious practices.
Consumption of and Interaction with Extremist Content
Case Study: In a notable case from 2020, Malaysian authorities detained individuals who were highly active in online extremist communities. These individuals were found regularly consuming and sharing content from international terrorist organizations. They accessed encrypted communication platforms to engage with online content promoting extremist ideologies, including materials from Daesh @ ISIS-linked sources. They also followed social media accounts of known extremists, which served as both inspiration and a source of encouragement to participate in violent actions.
Support for Anti-Government or Anti-Social Narratives
Case Study: In recent years, a group in various states in Malaysia was found promoting anti-government sentiments, describing the Malaysian government as “un-Islamic” and accusing it of being a puppet of foreign powers. Members were encouraged to withdraw from civic responsibilities, avoid government institutions, and resist cooperating with the authorities. This narrative often included rhetoric against non-Muslim communities, positioning them as enemies of Islam. This rhetoric became part of an informal recruitment strategy, creating a divide between members of the group and the larger Malaysian society.
SUMMARY
Developing the indicator benchmarks for extremism and radicalism with a religious orientation is particularly important for Malaysia due to its unique sociopolitical and cultural context. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious nation where Islam is the official religion, but other religions are constitutionally protected. Ensuring benchmarks for extremism help maintain harmony by identifying and mitigating factors that could disrupt social cohesion.
Benchmarks allow for early detection of radical or extremist tendencies, which could lead to increased polarization between communities. Preventive measures can safeguard against tensions arising from misuse or politicisation of religion. Malaysia’s demographic and political structure necessitate policies that are specific to its local context. This benchmarks also helps counter terrorism practitioners, intelligence agencies and policymakers create evidence-based strategies to combat extremism without alienating any community. By following this benchmark, Malaysia can strengthen its societal resilience, prevent divisive ideologies, and continue to be a model for religious and cultural harmony in the region.